cciia.org.cn 2018-1-17 10:52:39 最高人(ren)民法院公眾號
1月17日(ri)，最高(gao)人民(min)法院發(fa)布(bu)了(le)《關于(yu)審(shen)理涉及夫(fu)妻(qi)債(zhai)務糾(jiu)紛案件適用法律有關問題(ti)的解釋(shi)》（以下(xia)簡稱《解釋(shi)》）。就(jiu)《解釋(shi)》發(fa)布(bu)的背(bei)景(jing)和主要內容，記(ji)者采訪了(le)最高(gao)人民(min)法院民(min)一庭負責(ze)人。
問：自2001年以來，最(zui)高人(ren)民法(fa)院就適用婚姻法(fa)相(xiang)繼出臺了三(san)部司法(fa)解釋，為(wei)什么還要制定本《解釋》？
答：2001年(nian)(nian)(nian)修訂的(de)婚(hun)姻(yin)法(fa)(fa)施行后，最高人民(min)法(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)分別于(yu)2001年(nian)(nian)(nian)、2003年(nian)(nian)(nian)、2011年(nian)(nian)(nian)制定(ding)了(le)三部婚(hun)姻(yin)法(fa)(fa)司(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)解釋(shi)，總共(gong)82個條(tiao)文，2017年(nian)(nian)(nian)2月針(zhen)對(dui)婚(hun)姻(yin)法(fa)(fa)司(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)解釋(shi)（二）第二十四條(tiao)出臺了(le)補充規定(ding)。這(zhe)些司(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)解釋(shi)對(dui)涉及夫妻(qi)(qi)身份關(guan)(guan)系、財產(chan)(chan)關(guan)(guan)系適用(yong)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)若干問題(ti)(ti)作了(le)規定(ding)。近年(nian)(nian)(nian)來，隨(sui)著我國(guo)經濟社會(hui)的(de)快速發展，城鄉居民(min)家(jia)(jia)庭(ting)財產(chan)(chan)結(jie)構發生了(le)很(hen)大變(bian)化，社會(hui)公眾的(de)婚(hun)姻(yin)家(jia)(jia)庭(ting)觀念和(he)家(jia)(jia)庭(ting)投資渠道也(ye)日(ri)趨多元(yuan)，許多家(jia)(jia)庭(ting)的(de)財富因(yin)此快速增(zeng)長，因(yin)投資而(er)產(chan)(chan)生債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)的(de)風(feng)險(xian)也(ye)在不(bu)斷放(fang)大。現實生活(huo)中(zhong)，夫妻(qi)(qi)雙(shuang)方(fang)串(chuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)“坑”債(zhai)(zhai)權人，或(huo)者夫妻(qi)(qi)一(yi)方(fang)與債(zhai)(zhai)權人串(chuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)“坑”另一(yi)方(fang)等典型案例時有發生。這(zhe)些因(yin)素(su)疊加投射(she)到家(jia)(jia)庭(ting)生活(huo)中(zhong)，使夫妻(qi)(qi)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)的(de)認定(ding)成為非常復雜的(de)問題(ti)(ti)，人民(min)法(fa)(fa)院(yuan)(yuan)審理(li)涉及夫妻(qi)(qi)債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)案件難度隨(sui)之加大。原有法(fa)(fa)律(lv)、司(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)解釋(shi)雖然(ran)已經形成一(yi)套(tao)較為完整(zheng)的(de)體(ti)系，防范了(le)夫妻(qi)(qi)雙(shuang)方(fang)串(chuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)損害債(zhai)(zhai)權人利益和(he)夫妻(qi)(qi)一(yi)方(fang)與第三人串(chuan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)損害另一(yi)方(fang)利益的(de)風(feng)險(xian)，但(dan)有關(guan)(guan)夫妻(qi)(qi)共(gong)同債(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)認定(ding)標(biao)準(zhun)、舉證證明責任等方(fang)面的(de)問題(ti)(ti)仍然(ran)沒有得(de)到根本解決(jue)，成為社會(hui)廣(guang)泛關(guan)(guan)注(zhu)的(de)問題(ti)(ti)。
為(wei)著(zhu)力解(jie)(jie)決司法實踐中的突出問題，積極回應(ying)社會關(guan)切，滿足廣大人民(min)(min)群眾的司法需(xu)求(qiu)(qiu)，最(zui)高人民(min)(min)法院認(ren)真總結審判(pan)實踐經驗，反復調研論證(zheng)(zheng)和廣泛征求(qiu)(qiu)意見，制定(ding)出臺了本《解(jie)(jie)釋》。《解(jie)(jie)釋》進一步細化(hua)和完善了夫妻共(gong)同債(zhai)務認(ren)定(ding)標準(zhun)，合理分(fen)配舉(ju)證(zheng)(zheng)證(zheng)(zheng)明責(ze)任，引導民(min)(min)事(shi)商(shang)事(shi)主體規范交易行為(wei)，加強事(shi)前風險(xian)防范，平衡保(bao)護各(ge)方(fang)當事(shi)人的合法權益。
問：《解釋》開宗(zong)明義(yi)強調夫妻共同債務(wu)形(xing)成時“共債共簽”原則，目的和意(yi)義(yi)是(shi)什么？
答(da)：根據民法(fa)總則、合同(tong)法(fa)規定(ding)的意思自治原則以及婚姻法(fa)規定(ding)的夫(fu)妻地位平等原則，男女(nv)結婚后不(bu)能否定(ding)夫(fu)妻雙方(fang)的獨立人格和獨立民事主體地位，即使婚后夫(fu)妻財產共有，一(yi)方(fang)所(suo)負債務特別是(shi)超(chao)出(chu)了家庭日常生(sheng)活需要(yao)所(suo)負的大額債務，也應當與另一(yi)方(fang)取得一(yi)致意見，或者用(yong)于(yu)夫(fu)妻共同(tong)生(sheng)活，否則不(bu)能認定(ding)為夫(fu)妻共同(tong)債務。
《解釋》第一(yi)(yi)條開宗(zong)明義(yi)強調(diao)夫(fu)妻(qi)(qi)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)形成(cheng)時(shi)(shi)的“共(gong)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)共(gong)簽”原則(ze)(ze)，明確和強調(diao)了(le)夫(fu)妻(qi)(qi)雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽字或者夫(fu)妻(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)事(shi)(shi)后追(zhui)認以(yi)(yi)及以(yi)(yi)其他共(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)意(yi)思(si)表示(shi)形式所負(fu)的債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)，屬(shu)于夫(fu)妻(qi)(qi)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)。這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)規定意(yi)在(zai)引導債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)人(ren)(ren)在(zai)形成(cheng)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)尤其是大(da)額債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)時(shi)(shi)，為(wei)避(bi)免事(shi)(shi)后引發不(bu)必要(yao)的紛(fen)爭(zheng)，加強事(shi)(shi)前(qian)風(feng)險防范，盡(jin)可(ke)能(neng)要(yao)求(qiu)夫(fu)妻(qi)(qi)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)簽字。這(zhe)種(zhong)制度安(an)排，一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面，有(you)利于保障夫(fu)妻(qi)(qi)另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)的知情權(quan)(quan)和同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)意(yi)權(quan)(quan)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)從債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)形成(cheng)源(yuan)頭(tou)上盡(jin)可(ke)能(neng)杜(du)絕夫(fu)妻(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)“被負(fu)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)”現象發生；另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面，也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)有(you)效(xiao)避(bi)免債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)人(ren)(ren)因事(shi)(shi)后無法舉證證明債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)屬(shu)于夫(fu)妻(qi)(qi)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)而遭受(shou)不(bu)必要(yao)的損(sun)失，對(dui)于保障交易安(an)全和夫(fu)妻(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)合法權(quan)(quan)益，具有(you)積極意(yi)義(yi)。實(shi)踐(jian)中(zhong)，很多商業(ye)銀(yin)行(xing)在(zai)辦理貸(dai)款業(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)時(shi)(shi)，對(dui)已婚者一(yi)(yi)般都要(yao)求(qiu)夫(fu)妻(qi)(qi)雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)到場簽字。一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)確有(you)特殊原因無法親自到場，也(ye)必須(xu)提交經過(guo)公證的授權(quan)(quan)委托書，否則(ze)(ze)不(bu)予貸(dai)款，這(zhe)種(zhong)操(cao)作(zuo)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式最(zui)大(da)限度地降低(di)了(le)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)不(bu)能(neng)清償的風(feng)險，保障了(le)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)人(ren)(ren)的合法權(quan)(quan)益，也(ye)不(bu)會造成(cheng)對(dui)夫(fu)妻(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)權(quan)(quan)益的損(sun)害。“共(gong)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)共(gong)簽”原則(ze)(ze)實(shi)現了(le)婚姻法夫(fu)妻(qi)(qi)財產共(gong)有(you)制和合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法合同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)相對(dui)性原則(ze)(ze)的有(you)機銜接。
雖然要(yao)求夫(fu)妻(qi)“共債(zhai)(zhai)共簽(qian)”可(ke)能會使(shi)交易(yi)效(xiao)率受到一(yi)(yi)定(ding)影響，但在債(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)債(zhai)(zhai)務關系(xi)形成(cheng)時增加(jia)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)交易(yi)成(cheng)本(ben)和夫(fu)妻(qi)一(yi)(yi)方的知情權(quan)(quan)(quan)同意權(quan)(quan)(quan)產(chan)生沖突時，因(yin)夫(fu)妻(qi)一(yi)(yi)方的知情權(quan)(quan)(quan)同意權(quan)(quan)(quan)，關系(xi)到地(di)位平等、意思自(zi)治等基本(ben)法律原(yuan)則和公民基本(ben)財(cai)產(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)利人格(ge)權(quan)(quan)(quan)利，故(gu)應優先考慮。事實上，適(shi)當(dang)增加(jia)交易(yi)成(cheng)本(ben)不僅(jin)有利于保(bao)(bao)障交易(yi)安全(quan)，還可(ke)以減少事后紛爭，從根本(ben)上提高交易(yi)效(xiao)率。《解(jie)釋》第一(yi)(yi)條規定(ding)在現行婚姻法規定(ding)范圍(wei)內(nei)，實現了債(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)人合法權(quan)(quan)(quan)益保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)和夫(fu)妻(qi)一(yi)(yi)方合法權(quan)(quan)(quan)益保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)的雙贏，體(ti)現了二者權(quan)(quan)(quan)利保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)的“最大公約數”。
問：如何理解家庭日常生活需要所負債務？
答：通(tong)常(chang)(chang)(chang)所(suo)說的(de)(de)“家(jia)(jia)庭(ting)日常(chang)(chang)(chang)生活”，學(xue)理(li)(li)(li)(li)上稱之為日常(chang)(chang)(chang)家(jia)(jia)事。我國民法學(xue)界、婚(hun)姻(yin)(yin)(yin)法學(xue)界通(tong)說認為，婚(hun)姻(yin)(yin)(yin)是夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)生活的(de)(de)共(gong)同體，在(zai)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)家(jia)(jia)庭(ting)日常(chang)(chang)(chang)事務(wu)的(de)(de)范圍內(nei)，夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)互(hu)為代理(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)，這是婚(hun)姻(yin)(yin)(yin)的(de)(de)當(dang)然效力(li)，屬(shu)于(yu)法定(ding)(ding)(ding)代理(li)(li)(li)(li)。婚(hun)姻(yin)(yin)(yin)法雖(sui)(sui)然沒(mei)有明確規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)日常(chang)(chang)(chang)家(jia)(jia)事代理(li)(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)度，但從相關條(tiao)文中可以得出家(jia)(jia)庭(ting)日常(chang)(chang)(chang)生活范圍內(nei)夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)互(hu)為代理(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)的(de)(de)結論。婚(hun)姻(yin)(yin)(yin)法第(di)十七條(tiao)第(di)二(er)款規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)：“夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)對(dui)(dui)共(gong)同所(suo)有的(de)(de)財(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)，有平(ping)等(deng)的(de)(de)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)權”。這里所(suo)指的(de)(de)平(ping)等(deng)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)權既包括對(dui)(dui)積極財(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)，也包括對(dui)(dui)消極財(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)即債務(wu)的(de)(de)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)。婚(hun)姻(yin)(yin)(yin)法司法解(jie)釋（一）第(di)十七條(tiao)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)：“夫(fu)(fu)或(huo)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)共(gong)同財(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)上的(de)(de)權利(li)是平(ping)等(deng)的(de)(de)。因日常(chang)(chang)(chang)生活需要(yao)(yao)而處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)共(gong)同財(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)，任(ren)何一方均有權決(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)。”該規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)涵蓋了夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)日常(chang)(chang)(chang)家(jia)(jia)事代理(li)(li)(li)(li)權的(de)(de)實(shi)質內(nei)容。因此，在(zai)夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)未約(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)分別(bie)財(cai)(cai)產(chan)(chan)制(zhi)或(huo)者雖(sui)(sui)約(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)但債權人(ren)不知道的(de)(de)情況下(xia)，夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一方以個(ge)人(ren)名(ming)義(yi)為家(jia)(jia)庭(ting)日常(chang)(chang)(chang)生活需要(yao)(yao)所(suo)負的(de)(de)債務(wu)，應當(dang)認定(ding)(ding)(ding)為夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)共(gong)同債務(wu)。
國家(jia)(jia)(jia)統計局有關統計資料顯(xian)示，我(wo)國城(cheng)鎮居(ju)民家(jia)(jia)(jia)庭(ting)消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)種類主要分(fen)為八大類，分(fen)別是食(shi)品、衣(yi)(yi)著、家(jia)(jia)(jia)庭(ting)設備用品及維(wei)修(xiu)服務(wu)、醫療(liao)保健、交通通信、文娛教(jiao)育及服務(wu)、居(ju)住、其他商品和服務(wu)。家(jia)(jia)(jia)庭(ting)日常生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)范圍，可(ke)以(yi)參考(kao)上(shang)述(shu)八大類家(jia)(jia)(jia)庭(ting)消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)，根據(ju)夫妻(qi)共同生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)狀態（如雙方的(de)(de)(de)職業、身(shen)份、資產、收(shou)入(ru)、興趣、家(jia)(jia)(jia)庭(ting)人數等）和當地一般(ban)社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)習慣予以(yi)認定(ding)。但農村承包(bao)(bao)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)戶有其特殊性(xing)，農村承包(bao)(bao)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)戶一般(ban)以(yi)家(jia)(jia)(jia)庭(ting)為單位，家(jia)(jia)(jia)庭(ting)日常生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)與承包(bao)(bao)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)行為經(jing)(jing)常交織在一起，二者難以(yi)嚴(yan)格區(qu)分(fen)，故為了(le)正(zheng)(zheng)常的(de)(de)(de)承包(bao)(bao)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)(ying)所負債(zhai)務(wu)，可(ke)以(yi)認定(ding)為家(jia)(jia)(jia)庭(ting)日常生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)需要所負債(zhai)務(wu)。需要強調的(de)(de)(de)是，家(jia)(jia)(jia)庭(ting)日常生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)需要的(de)(de)(de)支出是指(zhi)通常情況下必(bi)要的(de)(de)(de)家(jia)(jia)(jia)庭(ting)日常消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)，主要包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)正(zheng)(zheng)常的(de)(de)(de)衣(yi)(yi)食(shi)消(xiao)費(fei)(fei)、日用品購買、子女撫養(yang)(yang)教(jiao)育、老人贍養(yang)(yang)等各項(xiang)費(fei)(fei)用，是維(wei)系一個家(jia)(jia)(jia)庭(ting)正(zheng)(zheng)常生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)所必(bi)須的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)支。當然，隨(sui)著我(wo)國經(jing)(jing)濟社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)和人們家(jia)(jia)(jia)庭(ting)觀念、家(jia)(jia)(jia)庭(ting)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)方式的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷發展變(bian)化，在認定(ding)是否屬于家(jia)(jia)(jia)庭(ting)日常生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)需要支出時，也要隨(sui)著社(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化而變(bian)化。
問：如何理解家庭日常生活需要之外的夫妻共同債務？
答(da)：隨(sui)著我國(guo)經濟社會的(de)發展，城鄉居民家庭(ting)財(cai)(cai)(cai)產(chan)結構、類型、數量(liang)、形態以及理(li)財(cai)(cai)(cai)模式等發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)了很大變(bian)化(hua)，人(ren)們的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)水平(ping)不(bu)斷提高，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)消(xiao)費(fei)日趨多元，很多夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)的(de)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)支(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)不(bu)再(zai)局限(xian)于(yu)以前傳(chuan)統的(de)家庭(ting)日常(chang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)消(xiao)費(fei)開支(zhi)(zhi)，還包括大量(liang)超出(chu)(chu)家庭(ting)日常(chang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)范圍(wei)的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)，這些(xie)支(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)系夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)雙方共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)消(xiao)費(fei)支(zhi)(zhi)配，或(huo)者用(yong)于(yu)形成夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)財(cai)(cai)(cai)產(chan)，或(huo)者基(ji)于(yu)夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)利益管理(li)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)財(cai)(cai)(cai)產(chan)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)支(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)，性質上屬于(yu)夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)的(de)范圍(wei)。《解釋》第三條中所稱債(zhai)權人(ren)需(xu)要(yao)舉證證明(ming)“用(yong)于(yu)夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)”的(de)債(zhai)務，就是(shi)指(zhi)上述超出(chu)(chu)家庭(ting)日常(chang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)范圍(wei)的(de)夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo)所負債(zhai)務。
夫妻(qi)共(gong)同(tong)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)經(jing)營的(de)情(qing)(qing)形更為(wei)復雜，主要是(shi)指(zhi)由夫妻(qi)雙方(fang)共(gong)同(tong)決(jue)定(ding)(ding)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)經(jing)營事項，或者雖由一方(fang)決(jue)定(ding)(ding)但另一方(fang)進行(xing)了授權的(de)情(qing)(qing)形。判斷生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)經(jing)營活動(dong)(dong)是(shi)否屬(shu)于夫妻(qi)共(gong)同(tong)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)經(jing)營，要根據經(jing)營活動(dong)(dong)的(de)性質以及(ji)夫妻(qi)雙方(fang)在其中(zhong)的(de)地(di)位作用(yong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)綜合認定(ding)(ding)。夫妻(qi)從事商(shang)業(ye)(ye)活動(dong)(dong)，視情(qing)(qing)適用(yong)公(gong)司法(fa)、合同(tong)法(fa)、合伙企業(ye)(ye)法(fa)等(deng)(deng)(deng)法(fa)律及(ji)司法(fa)解釋(shi)的(de)規定(ding)(ding)。夫妻(qi)共(gong)同(tong)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)經(jing)營所負的(de)債務一般包括雙方(fang)共(gong)同(tong)從事工商(shang)業(ye)(ye)、共(gong)同(tong)投資(zi)以及(ji)購買生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)資(zi)料等(deng)(deng)(deng)所負的(de)債務。
問：涉及夫妻共同債務糾紛案件中的舉證證明責任如何分配？
答：《解釋》前(qian)三(san)個條款雖然分別規定(ding)(ding)了共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)意思表示所(suo)負的(de)夫(fu)妻(qi)(qi)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)、家庭日(ri)(ri)常生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)所(suo)負的(de)夫(fu)妻(qi)(qi)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)、債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)人(ren)能夠(gou)證(zheng)明(ming)(ming)的(de)夫(fu)妻(qi)(qi)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)，但從舉證(zheng)證(zheng)明(ming)(ming)責任分配的(de)角(jiao)度看(kan)，可以分為(wei)(wei)兩類：一(yi)是家庭日(ri)(ri)常生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)所(suo)負的(de)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)；二是超出家庭日(ri)(ri)常生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)所(suo)負的(de)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)。對(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)前(qian)者，原(yuan)則上推定(ding)(ding)為(wei)(wei)夫(fu)妻(qi)(qi)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)，債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)人(ren)無需舉證(zheng)證(zheng)明(ming)(ming)；如果舉債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)人(ren)的(de)配偶一(yi)方(fang)反駁認為(wei)(wei)不屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)夫(fu)妻(qi)(qi)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)的(de)，則由(you)其舉證(zheng)證(zheng)明(ming)(ming)所(suo)負債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)并非用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)家庭日(ri)(ri)常生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)。對(dui)于(yu)(yu)(yu)后者，雖然債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)形成于(yu)(yu)(yu)婚(hun)姻關系存續(xu)期間和(he)夫(fu)妻(qi)(qi)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)財產制下，但一(yi)般(ban)情況下并不當(dang)然認定(ding)(ding)為(wei)(wei)夫(fu)妻(qi)(qi)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)；債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)人(ren)主(zhu)張屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)夫(fu)妻(qi)(qi)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)的(de)，應當(dang)由(you)其根據民事訴訟法第六(liu)十四條“當(dang)事人(ren)對(dui)自己提(ti)出的(de)主(zhu)張，有責任提(ti)供證(zheng)據”等規定(ding)(ding)，舉證(zheng)證(zheng)明(ming)(ming)該(gai)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)夫(fu)妻(qi)(qi)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)、共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)生(sheng)產經營所(suo)負債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)，或(huo)者所(suo)負債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)基(ji)于(yu)(yu)(yu)夫(fu)妻(qi)(qi)雙方(fang)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)意思表示。如果債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)人(ren)不能證(zheng)明(ming)(ming)的(de)，則不能認定(ding)(ding)為(wei)(wei)夫(fu)妻(qi)(qi)共(gong)(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)。
這里需要指(zhi)出的(de)(de)是(shi)，《解釋》第一條規定的(de)(de)共(gong)同(tong)意(yi)思(si)表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)所負的(de)(de)夫妻(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)共(gong)同(tong)債務(wu)(wu)，與(yu)上(shang)述債權(quan)人需要舉證(zheng)(zheng)證(zheng)(zheng)明所負債務(wu)(wu)基于夫妻(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)雙(shuang)方(fang)共(gong)同(tong)意(yi)思(si)表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)，是(shi)一脈相承的(de)(de)。夫妻(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)雙(shuang)方(fang)共(gong)同(tong)簽字的(de)(de)借(jie)款合(he)同(tong)、借(jie)據，以及(ji)夫妻(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一方(fang)事(shi)后追認或者電(dian)話、短(duan)信、微信、郵(you)件等其他體現共(gong)同(tong)舉債意(yi)思(si)表(biao)(biao)示(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)關證(zheng)(zheng)據，恰(qia)恰(qia)是(shi)債權(quan)人用(yong)以證(zheng)(zheng)明債務(wu)(wu)系夫妻(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)共(gong)同(tong)債務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)力證(zheng)(zheng)據。上(shang)述區分是(shi)否屬于家庭日常生(sheng)活范圍形(xing)成債務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)不同(tong)舉證(zheng)(zheng)證(zheng)(zheng)明責(ze)任的(de)(de)分配規則，有(you)(you)效(xiao)解決了目前爭議突出的(de)(de)債權(quan)人權(quan)益(yi)保護和未舉債夫妻(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一方(fang)權(quan)益(yi)保護的(de)(de)平衡(heng)問題。
問：法律制度是如(ru)何(he)防范夫妻雙方(fang)串通損(sun)害債權(quan)人，或者夫妻一(yi)方(fang)與債權(quan)人串通損(sun)害另一(yi)方(fang)的(de)？
答：防(fang)范夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)雙(shuang)(shuang)方串(chuan)通損害債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)人利(li)益的(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)，法律和(he)司法解(jie)(jie)釋(shi)有所(suo)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)個人債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)，合(he)同(tong)(tong)法第(di)(di)(di)五十二(er)(er)條(tiao)、第(di)(di)(di)七十四(si)條(tiao)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)，在夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)雙(shuang)(shuang)方對(dui)(dui)(dui)財產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)約定(ding)(ding)(ding)、轉讓或(huo)者(zhe)離婚(hun)時對(dui)(dui)(dui)財產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)分割(ge)協議(yi)明(ming)顯不利(li)于(yu)舉(ju)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)一(yi)(yi)方，導致舉(ju)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)一(yi)(yi)方無(wu)力償還債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)情況下(xia)，債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)人可以(yi)向人民法院主張該協議(yi)無(wu)效或(huo)者(zhe)予(yu)以(yi)撤銷(xiao)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)，本《解(jie)(jie)釋(shi)》在婚(hun)姻(yin)法司法解(jie)(jie)釋(shi)（二(er)(er)）第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)十四(si)條(tiao)基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)進一(yi)(yi)步細化完善(shan)了(le)夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)認(ren)定(ding)(ding)(ding)標(biao)準，即夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)雙(shuang)(shuang)方共(gong)同(tong)(tong)意思表(biao)示所(suo)負(fu)的(de)(de)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)，一(yi)(yi)方為(wei)家(jia)庭日(ri)常生活需(xu)要所(suo)負(fu)的(de)(de)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)，一(yi)(yi)方超出家(jia)庭日(ri)常生活需(xu)要舉(ju)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)但債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)人能夠證明(ming)用于(yu)夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)生活或(huo)者(zhe)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)經(jing)營的(de)(de)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)，都應當(dang)認(ren)定(ding)(ding)(ding)為(wei)夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)。與本《解(jie)(jie)釋(shi)》配套的(de)(de)是，婚(hun)姻(yin)法司法解(jie)(jie)釋(shi)（二(er)(er)）第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)十五條(tiao)、第(di)(di)(di)二(er)(er)十六條(tiao)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)，當(dang)事人離婚(hun)時對(dui)(dui)(dui)夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)財產(chan)(chan)(chan)進行分割(ge)或(huo)者(zhe)夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)方死亡的(de)(de)，債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)人仍有權(quan)(quan)(quan)就夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)向男女(nv)雙(shuang)(shuang)方或(huo)者(zhe)生存一(yi)(yi)方主張權(quan)(quan)(quan)利(li)。以(yi)上(shang)法律和(he)司法解(jie)(jie)釋(shi)密織第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)張法網(wang)，防(fang)范了(le)夫(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)雙(shuang)(shuang)方串(chuan)通損害債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)人利(li)益的(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)，保護了(le)善(shan)意債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)人的(de)(de)合(he)法權(quan)(quan)(quan)益。
防(fang)范(fan)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)與債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)人(ren)串通(tong)損害另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)利(li)益(yi)的(de)風險，法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律和(he)(he)(he)司法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)解(jie)釋也有(you)所規(gui)(gui)定。婚姻法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)第(di)十(shi)三條、第(di)十(shi)七條第(di)二(er)(er)款規(gui)(gui)定，夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)家庭(ting)中地位(wei)平(ping)等，對于(yu)(yu)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)所有(you)的(de)財(cai)(cai)產有(you)平(ping)等的(de)處理權(quan)，表明(ming)對于(yu)(yu)處分(fen)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)財(cai)(cai)產包括(kuo)較大數額舉(ju)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)等重大事項，夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)應當共(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)決(jue)定。最(zui)高(gao)人(ren)民(min)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院2017年(nian)2月(yue)28日(ri)發布(bu)的(de)《婚姻法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)司法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)解(jie)釋（二(er)(er)）補充規(gui)(gui)定》（以下簡稱(cheng)《補充規(gui)(gui)定》），明(ming)確虛(xu)(xu)假(jia)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)和(he)(he)(he)非(fei)(fei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)不(bu)受(shou)保護(hu)；又(you)向(xiang)全國法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院發出《最(zui)高(gao)人(ren)民(min)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院關于(yu)(yu)依法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)妥善審理涉(she)及(ji)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)案件有(you)關問(wen)題的(de)通(tong)知》（以下簡稱(cheng)《通(tong)知》），強調了(le)(le)審理涉(she)及(ji)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)案件要堅持法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)德治(zhi)相結合原則、保障(zhang)未具名舉(ju)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)訴訟權(quan)利(li)、審查夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)是否真實發生、區分(fen)合法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)和(he)(he)(he)非(fei)(fei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)、把握不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)階段(duan)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)認(ren)定標準、保護(hu)被執(zhi)行夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)基(ji)本生存權(quan)益(yi)不(bu)受(shou)影響、制裁夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)與第(di)三人(ren)串通(tong)偽造債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)虛(xu)(xu)假(jia)訴訟等7個要求(qiu)，對于(yu)(yu)司法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)實踐(jian)甄別和(he)(he)(he)排除非(fei)(fei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)、虛(xu)(xu)假(jia)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)具有(you)重要意義。在(zai)《補充規(gui)(gui)定》和(he)(he)(he)《通(tong)知》的(de)基(ji)礎(chu)上，本《解(jie)釋》進(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)步明(ming)確了(le)(le)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)共(gong)同(tong)(tong)(tong)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)范(fan)圍(wei)，并合理分(fen)配舉(ju)證(zheng)證(zheng)明(ming)責任(ren)。以上法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律和(he)(he)(he)司法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)解(jie)釋密織第(di)二(er)(er)張法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)網，防(fang)范(fan)了(le)(le)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)串通(tong)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)人(ren)損害另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)利(li)益(yi)的(de)風險，更避免(mian)了(le)(le)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)在(zai)不(bu)知情(qing)、未受(shou)益(yi)的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下“被負(fu)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)”的(de)風險，保障(zhang)了(le)(le)未舉(ju)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)夫(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)妻(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)知情(qing)權(quan)、同(tong)(tong)(tong)意權(quan)。
問：如(ru)何(he)理解和把握《解釋》的適用(yong)范圍(wei)?
答(da)：《解(jie)(jie)釋(shi)(shi)》第四條(tiao)規定：“本(ben)解(jie)(jie)釋(shi)(shi)自2018年1月18日起施行。本(ben)解(jie)(jie)釋(shi)(shi)施行后，最高人民法(fa)院此(ci)前(qian)作出(chu)的(de)相(xiang)關(guan)司法(fa)解(jie)(jie)釋(shi)(shi)與本(ben)解(jie)(jie)釋(shi)(shi)相(xiang)抵(di)觸(chu)的(de)，以本(ben)解(jie)(jie)釋(shi)(shi)為準。”
《解釋(shi)(shi)》系針對社會關(guan)切的(de)夫(fu)(fu)妻共(gong)同債務(wu)認(ren)(ren)定(ding)標準(zhun)問題(ti)作(zuo)出(chu)的(de)細化和完(wan)善(shan)，這里所(suo)指的(de)“最高人民法院此前作(zuo)出(chu)的(de)相關(guan)司法解釋(shi)(shi)與本解釋(shi)(shi)相抵觸的(de)”內(nei)(nei)容(rong)，主要是指有關(guan)夫(fu)(fu)妻共(gong)同債務(wu)認(ren)(ren)定(ding)標準(zhun)的(de)其他(ta)司法解釋(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)容(rong)，與本《解釋(shi)(shi)》規定(ding)不(bu)一致的(de)，今后不(bu)再適用。
對于《解釋(shi)》施(shi)行前，經(jing)審(shen)查甄別確屬認定事(shi)實不(bu)清、適用(yong)法(fa)律錯誤、結果明顯(xian)不(bu)公(gong)的案(an)件(jian)，人(ren)民(min)法(fa)院(yuan)將(jiang)以對人(ren)民(min)群眾高度負責的態度，秉持實事(shi)求(qiu)是、有(you)錯必(bi)糾(jiu)的原則，以事(shi)實為(wei)依據，以法(fa)律為(wei)準繩，依法(fa)予以糾(jiu)正,努力讓人(ren)民(min)群眾在每(mei)一個司法(fa)案(an)件(jian)中感受(shou)到(dao)公(gong)平正義。
日期：2018-1-17 10:52:39 | 關閉 |
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