国产免费视频,国产黄大片在线观看,怡红院A∨人人爰人人爽,乱暴tubesex中国妞,大学生做爰全过程免费的视频

cciia.org.cn　 2020-9-28 14:47:03　 人民法(fa)院報(bao)

　　9月27日，最高人民法院(yuan)發(fa)布《關于審理涉船員糾紛案(an)件若(ruo)干問題的規(gui)定》，自2020年(nian)9月29日起施行。為更好地理解和適用這(zhe)一司(si)法解釋，最高人民法院(yuan)民四庭有(you)關負責人接(jie)受記(ji)者(zhe)采訪。

　　問(wen)：最高(gao)人民法院為審理涉船員糾紛案件(jian)制定出(chu)臺司法解(jie)釋(shi)，體現了對涉船員糾紛審判工作的高(gao)度重視。能(neng)否簡要介紹一下(xia)司法解(jie)釋(shi)的起草背景和主要內容(rong)？

　　答：海運(yun)(yun)是(shi)國(guo)(guo)際物流中(zhong)最主要(yao)的(de)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu)方式，全球貿(mao)易的(de)90%是(shi)通過(guo)(guo)海運(yun)(yun)完成。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)進(jin)(jin)出口貨運(yun)(yun)總(zong)量的(de)90%也(ye)是(shi)通過(guo)(guo)海上運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu)進(jin)(jin)行。我國(guo)(guo)既(ji)是(shi)貿(mao)易大國(guo)(guo)、航(hang)運(yun)(yun)大國(guo)(guo)，也(ye)是(shi)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)大國(guo)(guo)。據統計，目(mu)前中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)總(zong)量位居(ju)世界(jie)第一，總(zong)量超過(guo)(guo)140萬人。每年外派海員(yuan)超過(guo)(guo)14萬人。航(hang)運(yun)(yun)對船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)的(de)素質有著很高的(de)要(yao)求。一支身心健(jian)(jian)康、素質良(liang)好(hao)的(de)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)隊(dui)伍對保障海上交(jiao)通安(an)全、維(wei)護航(hang)運(yun)(yun)業健(jian)(jian)康穩(wen)定發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)、促(cu)進(jin)(jin)我國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)民經濟(ji)的(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)具有重要(yao)意(yi)義。船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)是(shi)推進(jin)(jin)全球經濟(ji)運(yun)(yun)轉的(de)無(wu)名(ming)英雄。

　　在保障(zhang)(zhang)船(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)權(quan)(quan)益(yi)方(fang)面(mian)，海事(shi)(shi)司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)起著不(bu)(bu)可(ke)替代的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要作用(yong)(yong)。在我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)海事(shi)(shi)司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)中(zhong)，涉船(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)糾(jiu)紛(fen)占(zhan)較大比重(zhong)。2016年至今，全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)海事(shi)(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院船(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)勞務(wu)合同(tong)(tong)糾(jiu)紛(fen)和(he)(he)人(ren)身(shen)損害(hai)賠(pei)償(chang)糾(jiu)紛(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)收案(an)(an)數(shu)(shu)占(zhan)所(suo)有(you)(you)案(an)(an)件數(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比重(zhong)分別為30.98%、21.78%、17%、17.95%、29%。但裁(cai)判尺度不(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)直困擾著涉船(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)糾(jiu)紛(fen)案(an)(an)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)審(shen)判。主要原(yuan)因在于(yu)：第一(yi)(yi)(yi)，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)并未制(zhi)定(ding)專門的(de)(de)(de)(de)船(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，現(xian)行(xing)海商法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)中(zhong)關(guan)(guan)(guan)于(yu)船(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)條文(wen)數(shu)(shu)量不(bu)(bu)多(duo)，內容(rong)較為原(yuan)則。相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)行(xing)政(zheng)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)其內容(rong)偏重(zhong)對(dui)船(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)政(zheng)管(guan)理(li)，可(ke)直接援引用(yong)(yong)于(yu)確定(ding)當(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)權(quan)(quan)利(li)義務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)有(you)(you)限。第二(er)，船(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)作為一(yi)(yi)(yi)般意義上的(de)(de)(de)(de)勞動(dong)者，其權(quan)(quan)利(li)義務(wu)受勞動(dong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)、規(gui)章的(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)整，同(tong)(tong)時，相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)行(xing)政(zheng)管(guan)理(li)機關(guan)(guan)(guan)對(dui)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)行(xing)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)船(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)分別制(zhi)定(ding)了不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)政(zheng)管(guan)理(li)規(gui)范。不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律之(zhi)間、法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)之(zhi)間、規(gui)章之(zhi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)互關(guan)(guan)(guan)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)解(jie)，是(shi)(shi)海事(shi)(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)官審(shen)理(li)船(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)糾(jiu)紛(fen)類案(an)(an)件時面(mian)臨(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)挑戰。制(zhi)定(ding)和(he)(he)出臺涉船(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)糾(jiu)紛(fen)司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)解(jie)釋，不(bu)(bu)僅是(shi)(shi)解(jie)決審(shen)判實(shi)(shi)踐(jian)裁(cai)判尺度不(bu)(bu)統一(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)需要，也是(shi)(shi)維(wei)護(hu)當(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)合法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)權(quan)(quan)益(yi)、規(gui)范與(yu)引導船(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)市(shi)場(chang)、航運(yun)市(shi)場(chang)秩(zhi)序的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)實(shi)(shi)需要，對(dui)于(yu)服務(wu)和(he)(he)保障(zhang)(zhang)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)構建更高層(ceng)次開(kai)放型(xing)經濟新(xin)體(ti)制(zhi)、海洋強(qiang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)戰略及“一(yi)(yi)(yi)帶一(yi)(yi)(yi)路”建設具有(you)(you)重(zhong)要意義。

　　2015年民四庭即(ji)啟動了(le)涉(she)船員糾紛案件司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)解(jie)釋的(de)(de)前期調研工作。從事(shi)一線審判的(de)(de)海事(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)官組成調研工作小組，深入該類案件最為集中的(de)(de)海事(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)派出法(fa)(fa)(fa)庭和一線法(fa)(fa)(fa)官座(zuo)談，數(shu)次召開座(zuo)談會(hui)(hui)聽取海事(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)官、企業代(dai)表(biao)和專(zhuan)家學(xue)者的(de)(de)意(yi)見(jian)(jian)(jian)。通過問題(ti)收(shou)集、提煉和意(yi)見(jian)(jian)(jian)征集工作，大致(zhi)明確了(le)審判實踐(jian)中急需解(jie)決(jue)同時也是(shi)爭議最大的(de)(de)問題(ti)。形成司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)解(jie)釋征求意(yi)見(jian)(jian)(jian)稿后，進一步聽取了(le)相關(guan)行(xing)業協會(hui)(hui)、代(dai)表(biao)企業、高(gao)校和科研院(yuan)所(suo)，海事(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)及(ji)其上訴審高(gao)院(yuan)，仲裁員代(dai)表(biao)、律師代(dai)表(biao)的(de)(de)意(yi)見(jian)(jian)(jian)。最終正(zheng)式(shi)向立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)機關(guan)征求意(yi)見(jian)(jian)(jian)。現根據立(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)機關(guan)、相關(guan)部委，院(yuan)內相關(guan)部門、地方法(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)，以及(ji)社會(hui)(hui)各界的(de)(de)反(fan)饋意(yi)見(jian)(jian)(jian)修改形成了(le)司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)解(jie)釋條文。

　　司法解(jie)釋共二(er)十一條，對涉船(chuan)員糾(jiu)紛的(de)(de)船(chuan)員勞動合同(tong)(tong)與(yu)勞務(wu)合同(tong)(tong)、居(ju)間合同(tong)(tong)等不(bu)同(tong)(tong)法律(lv)關系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)認定及解(jie)決路徑(jing)，船(chuan)舶優先權的(de)(de)確(que)認、行使與(yu)轉移，船(chuan)員工資報酬的(de)(de)構成及法律(lv)保護(hu)，船(chuan)員違法作業(ye)情形下(xia)(xia)工資是否應予保護(hu)，勞務(wu)情形下(xia)(xia)侵(qin)權責任的(de)(de)承擔、工傷(shang)情形下(xia)(xia)工傷(shang)保險待遇與(yu)民事損(sun)害賠(pei)償(chang)的(de)(de)相(xiang)互關系(xi)(xi)、涉外勞務(wu)合同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)法律(lv)適(shi)用等海事司法實踐中急需(xu)解(jie)決的(de)(de)問題，作出了明確(que)規定。

　　問：涉船員糾(jiu)紛案件的(de)主(zhu)(zhu)管(guan)問題(ti)一直是廣大船員、船舶所有(you)人關注的(de)問題(ti)，對(dui)該類案件的(de)主(zhu)(zhu)管(guan)司(si)法解釋(shi)有(you)哪些具體規定？不同爭議解決方式之間(jian)如何(he)銜接和配合？

　　答：涉船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)糾紛(fen)的(de)(de)主管問題是(shi)本司(si)法(fa)(fa)解(jie)(jie)釋(shi)的(de)(de)難點所在(zai)。就(jiu)一(yi)般(ban)的(de)(de)勞(lao)動爭議而言，依據勞(lao)動爭議調(diao)解(jie)(jie)仲裁(cai)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)規定，“先(xian)裁(cai)后(hou)審(shen)”、“一(yi)裁(cai)兩審(shen)”是(shi)基(ji)本的(de)(de)爭議解(jie)(jie)決程序。因船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)糾紛(fen)時常涉及(ji)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶優先(xian)權這一(yi)較強的(de)(de)專業性(xing)問題，故海(hai)(hai)(hai)事(shi)訴訟特別程序法(fa)(fa)及(ji)其司(si)法(fa)(fa)解(jie)(jie)釋(shi)均規定，船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)因勞(lao)務(wu)合(he)(he)同(tong)糾紛(fen)直(zhi)(zhi)接向海(hai)(hai)(hai)事(shi)法(fa)(fa)院(yuan)提起訴訟的(de)(de)，海(hai)(hai)(hai)事(shi)法(fa)(fa)院(yuan)可以直(zhi)(zhi)接受理。需要說(shuo)明的(de)(de)是(shi)，在(zai)海(hai)(hai)(hai)事(shi)立法(fa)(fa)和海(hai)(hai)(hai)事(shi)審(shen)判(pan)領(ling)域，長期以來只有(you)廣義(yi)的(de)(de)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)勞(lao)務(wu)合(he)(he)同(tong)糾紛(fen)的(de)(de)概念。該“船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)勞(lao)務(wu)合(he)(he)同(tong)糾紛(fen)”既(ji)涵蓋了船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)勞(lao)務(wu)合(he)(he)同(tong)（主要包括境外船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)公司(si)與中國(guo)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、境外船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)公司(si)與外國(guo)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)之間的(de)(de)合(he)(he)同(tong)，從(cong)事(shi)沿(yan)海(hai)(hai)(hai)內河運輸的(de)(de)個(ge)人船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)東、從(cong)事(shi)漁業捕撈的(de)(de)個(ge)人船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)東等(deng)臨時雇用(yong)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)提供服務(wu)等(deng)形(xing)式）糾紛(fen)，也涵蓋船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)勞(lao)動合(he)(he)同(tong)糾紛(fen)。兩類爭議一(yi)直(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)由海(hai)(hai)(hai)事(shi)法(fa)(fa)院(yuan)直(zhi)(zhi)接受理。

　　隨著(zhu)海(hai)事審(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)判實踐(jian)的(de)(de)發(fa)展，出(chu)現了船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)訴訟請(qing)求(qiu)不(bu)涉(she)及上(shang)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)服(fu)務(wu)、與船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶優(you)先權無關的(de)(de)現象。對此，海(hai)事審(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)判實踐(jian)和理論中(zhong)逐步出(chu)現了區分(fen)“上(shang)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)服(fu)務(wu)”與“非因(yin)上(shang)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)服(fu)務(wu)”的(de)(de)聲音，提出(chu)對于(yu)(yu)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)非因(yin)上(shang)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)服(fu)務(wu)而產生(sheng)的(de)(de)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)議案(an)(an)件以(yi)及非船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)與船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶所有(you)人(ren)或用工單(dan)位(wei)因(yin)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動合同(tong)發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)(de)爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)議，因(yin)均不(bu)涉(she)及船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶優(you)先權問(wen)題，屬于(yu)(yu)一(yi)般勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)議案(an)(an)件，應按照(zhao)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)與普通勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)議案(an)(an)件一(yi)樣(yang)實行(xing)仲(zhong)裁前置。近(jin)年(nian)來(lai)部分(fen)海(hai)事法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院照(zhao)此執行(xing)，取得了較(jiao)好的(de)(de)效(xiao)果。隨著(zhu)2016年(nian)最(zui)高人(ren)民(min)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院《最(zui)高人(ren)民(min)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院關于(yu)(yu)海(hai)事法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院受(shou)(shou)理案(an)(an)件范圍(wei)的(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)》正式將“船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動合同(tong)”與“船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)合同(tong)”進行(xing)了區分(fen)，對于(yu)(yu)兩類不(bu)同(tong)性質的(de)(de)爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)議應分(fen)別確定(ding)(ding)何(he)種(zhong)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)議解決(jue)方(fang)式，是本司法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)解釋(shi)需要解決(jue)的(de)(de)問(wen)題。根據現行(xing)有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律和司法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)解釋(shi)的(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)，在總結海(hai)事審(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)判經驗的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上(shang)，本司法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)解釋(shi)第一(yi)條規(gui)定(ding)(ding)，對于(yu)(yu)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動合同(tong)糾紛(fen)，如果與船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)登船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)、在船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)工作、離(li)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)遣(qian)返無關，即爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)議不(bu)涉(she)及船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶優(you)先權問(wen)題的(de)(de)，告知當事人(ren)依(yi)照(zhao)《中(zhong)華人(ren)民(min)共和國勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)議調解仲(zhong)裁法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》的(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)，按“先裁后審(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)”、“一(yi)裁兩審(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)”的(de)(de)程序處理。而對于(yu)(yu)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)務(wu)合同(tong)糾紛(fen)，因(yin)不(bu)屬于(yu)(yu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)動爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)議，依(yi)司法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)解釋(shi)第二條，仍由有(you)管轄權的(de)(de)海(hai)事法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院受(shou)(shou)理。

　　關(guan)于仲(zhong)裁(cai)程序和訴訟程序的銜接配合，本司法(fa)(fa)(fa)解釋(shi)第五條規定(ding)，與船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員登(deng)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)、在船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)工作、離(li)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)遣返(fan)無關(guan)的勞動爭(zheng)議提交(jiao)勞動爭(zheng)議仲(zhong)裁(cai)委員會仲(zhong)裁(cai)，仲(zhong)裁(cai)庭(ting)根據船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員的申(shen)(shen)請，就船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員工資和其他(ta)勞動報(bao)酬、工傷醫療(liao)費、經濟(ji)補(bu)償或(huo)賠償金裁(cai)決先予執行的，移送(song)地方人(ren)民法(fa)(fa)(fa)院審(shen)查。船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員申(shen)(shen)請扣押(ya)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶的，仲(zhong)裁(cai)庭(ting)應將扣押(ya)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶申(shen)(shen)請提交(jiao)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)籍港(gang)所(suo)在地或(huo)者船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶所(suo)在地的海事法(fa)(fa)(fa)院審(shen)查，或(huo)交(jiao)地方人(ren)民法(fa)(fa)(fa)院委托船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)籍港(gang)所(suo)在地或(huo)者船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶所(suo)在地的海事法(fa)(fa)(fa)院審(shen)查。

　　另(ling)需要注意的(de)是(shi)，船(chuan)員(yuan)提出的(de)訴訟(song)(song)請求(qiu)(qiu)可能同時(shi)涵蓋與船(chuan)舶優(you)先權有關的(de)事項和與船(chuan)舶優(you)先權無關的(de)事項，為方(fang)便船(chuan)員(yuan)訴訟(song)(song)，避免要求(qiu)(qiu)船(chuan)員(yuan)拆分訴訟(song)(song)請求(qiu)(qiu)分別通過仲裁(cai)前置和直接訴訟(song)(song)的(de)方(fang)式解決爭議(yi)，海(hai)事法(fa)院可以考(kao)慮對兩類請求(qiu)(qiu)一并予以受理(li)。

　　問：關于(yu)(yu)船舶優(you)先權(quan)的行(xing)使(shi)，我們注(zhu)意到，近年來出(chu)現了船員僅請(qing)求確認船舶優(you)先權(quan)未請(qing)求扣押船舶的做法，對(dui)于(yu)(yu)這種(zhong)請(qing)求是(shi)否應(ying)予支持，實(shi)務界(jie)與理論界(jie)存在不同(tong)看法，司法解(jie)釋對(dui)這一問題是(shi)如何規定(ding)的？主要是(shi)出(chu)于(yu)(yu)什么考慮(lv)？

　　答：海(hai)商法(fa)(fa)(fa)規定，船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)優(you)(you)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)通過扣(kou)(kou)押(ya)(ya)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式來(lai)行(xing)(xing)使(shi)(shi)。但一(yi)律要(yao)求通過扣(kou)(kou)押(ya)(ya)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)來(lai)行(xing)(xing)使(shi)(shi)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)優(you)(you)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，近(jin)年來(lai)出現了(le)一(yi)些(xie)引發(fa)思考(kao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)新現象。一(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)請(qing)(qing)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)各項費用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)數額較(jiao)低，與(yu)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)價值、扣(kou)(kou)押(ya)(ya)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)對(dui)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)造(zao)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)利(li)(li)影響嚴(yan)重不(bu)成(cheng)比例，且船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)東(dong)與(yu)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)一(yi)般能(neng)(neng)就拖欠(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工資達成(cheng)分期或延期付(fu)款協議(yi)；二是(shi)(shi)(shi)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)(zai)向(xiang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)主張船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)優(you)(you)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)時(shi)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)下(xia)落(luo)不(bu)明，船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)優(you)(you)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)無(wu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)行(xing)(xing)使(shi)(shi)；三是(shi)(shi)(shi)雖然明知船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)下(xia)落(luo)，但因(yin)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)正(zheng)在(zai)(zai)國(guo)外進(jin)行(xing)(xing)生產經營(ying)或躲(duo)避(bi)債(zhai)(zhai)務，致使(shi)(shi)扣(kou)(kou)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)措施無(wu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)實施；四是(shi)(shi)(shi)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)已(yi)經因(yin)其他原因(yin)被扣(kou)(kou)押(ya)(ya)，無(wu)需再行(xing)(xing)扣(kou)(kou)押(ya)(ya)等(deng)等(deng)。為(wei)(wei)此，海(hai)事審判中逐(zhu)漸出現了(le)一(yi)些(xie)將(jiang)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)優(you)(you)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)確(que)(que)(que)認(ren)和船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)優(you)(you)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)使(shi)(shi)相(xiang)分離(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)做(zuo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，即船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)僅請(qing)(qing)求對(dui)具有(you)(you)(you)優(you)(you)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)性(xing)(xing)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)債(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)確(que)(que)(que)認(ren)，并未同時(shi)申請(qing)(qing)對(dui)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)扣(kou)(kou)押(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，予(yu)以(yi)準許(xu)。支持這種(zhong)做(zuo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)(guan)點認(ren)為(wei)(wei)，這種(zhong)做(zuo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)既有(you)(you)(you)利(li)(li)于(yu)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)益的(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)護，也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)利(li)(li)于(yu)通過船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)正(zheng)常持續(xu)經營(ying)清償(chang)最終債(zhai)(zhai)務，對(dui)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)和船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)東(dong)均有(you)(you)(you)利(li)(li)。反(fan)對(dui)這種(zhong)做(zuo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)(guan)點認(ren)為(wei)(wei)，第一(yi)，船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)優(you)(you)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)具有(you)(you)(you)隱蔽性(xing)(xing)，如允許(xu)當事人僅請(qing)(qing)求確(que)(que)(que)認(ren)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)優(you)(you)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)而不(bu)扣(kou)(kou)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)，船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)優(you)(you)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)無(wu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)讓(rang)外人知悉(xi)，司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)確(que)(que)(que)認(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結果并不(bu)一(yi)定能(neng)(neng)為(wei)(wei)外界所(suo)知，將(jiang)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)損害在(zai)(zai)后發(fa)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)其他海(hai)事債(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)(li)益。對(dui)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)扣(kou)(kou)押(ya)(ya)，也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)利(li)(li)于(yu)后續(xu)債(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)人了(le)解(jie)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)動態，避(bi)免后續(xu)債(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)人為(wei)(wei)不(bu)可(ke)預見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)優(you)(you)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)承擔(dan)責任。第二，船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)優(you)(you)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)本質上是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)項程序性(xing)(xing)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)利(li)(li)，必須通過扣(kou)(kou)押(ya)(ya)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)這種(zhong)特定程序來(lai)行(xing)(xing)使(shi)(shi)。如允許(xu)僅請(qing)(qing)求確(que)(que)(que)認(ren)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)優(you)(you)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，與(yu)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)優(you)(you)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)本質不(bu)符(fu)。在(zai)(zai)行(xing)(xing)使(shi)(shi)優(you)(you)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式上，應公平(ping)對(dui)待所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)具有(you)(you)(you)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)優(you)(you)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)債(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)人。為(wei)(wei)達到更好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)公示效果，以(yi)及最大限度避(bi)免為(wei)(wei)其他法(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)強制出售或者轉讓(rang)公告期屆滿導致的(de)(de)(de)(de)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)優(you)(you)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)消(xiao)滅，船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)應通過申請(qing)(qing)扣(kou)(kou)押(ya)(ya)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式行(xing)(xing)使(shi)(shi)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)優(you)(you)先(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)。

　　　上(shang)述兩種(zhong)觀(guan)點都具有一(yi)定(ding)合理性。該問題的實(shi)質在(zai)于如何(he)平衡船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)、船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)東和其他海(hai)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)債權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)人(ren)三者之間的利(li)益。考慮到：第(di)一(yi)，船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)優先(xian)(xian)(xian)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)因船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)提供勞(lao)動或(huo)勞(lao)務(wu)而產生(sheng)(sheng)，即(ji)使(shi)(shi)司(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)對(dui)相(xiang)關(guan)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)確(que)(que)認(ren)(ren)，船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)擔保物權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)利(li)人(ren)或(huo)將來的買受(shou)人(ren)在(zai)行(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)(shi)相(xiang)關(guan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)利(li)時(shi)，船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)仍有權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)提出優先(xian)(xian)(xian)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)請求。司(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)確(que)(que)認(ren)(ren)并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)意味著這些權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)利(li)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)存在(zai)或(huo)者消(xiao)失(shi)；第(di)二(er)，船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)行(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)(shi)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)優先(xian)(xian)(xian)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)即(ji)申(shen)請海(hai)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)法(fa)(fa)院扣(kou)押(ya)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)時(shi)，海(hai)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)法(fa)(fa)院不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)(ke)能對(dui)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)提出的申(shen)請不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)作任何(he)審(shen)查，對(dui)海(hai)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)債權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)是否與爭議船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)相(xiang)關(guan)、海(hai)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)債權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的數額、海(hai)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)債權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的產生(sheng)(sheng)時(shi)間等核心事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)，海(hai)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)法(fa)(fa)院允許扣(kou)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)申(shen)請前(qian)也(ye)存在(zai)一(yi)個審(shen)查和確(que)(que)認(ren)(ren)的過程，第(di)六(liu)條(tiao)(tiao)的規(gui)定(ding)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)過是提前(qian)對(dui)相(xiang)關(guan)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)了(le)確(que)(que)認(ren)(ren)；第(di)三，確(que)(que)實(shi)存在(zai)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)無(wu)法(fa)(fa)知悉船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)下(xia)落、船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)在(zai)國外不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)便扣(kou)押(ya)等客觀(guan)情(qing)況，通過先(xian)(xian)(xian)司(si)(si)法(fa)(fa)確(que)(que)認(ren)(ren)的方(fang)式可(ke)(ke)以最(zui)大限度保護船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)的利(li)益，也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)會增加船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)東和其他債權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)人(ren)的負擔。因此，第(di)六(liu)條(tiao)(tiao)規(gui)定(ding)，海(hai)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)法(fa)(fa)院對(dui)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)要求扣(kou)押(ya)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)、僅請求確(que)(que)認(ren)(ren)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)優先(xian)(xian)(xian)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的申(shen)請，應予支(zhi)持。因船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)優先(xian)(xian)(xian)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)自產生(sheng)(sheng)之日(ri)起(qi)一(yi)年內不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)(shi)即(ji)告消(xiao)滅，因此第(di)六(liu)條(tiao)(tiao)第(di)二(er)款規(gui)定(ding)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)(yuan)所(suo)要求的期(qi)限自優先(xian)(xian)(xian)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)產生(sheng)(sheng)之日(ri)起(qi)以一(yi)年為限。

　　至于具(ju)體扣(kou)(kou)押的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式，即“活扣(kou)(kou)”是否也構成海商法(fa)第(di)二(er)十八條(tiao)規定的(de)(de)(de)(de)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)扣(kou)(kou)押，實(shi)(shi)(shi)務界和理論(lun)界也一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)直存在爭論(lun)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種意見(jian)認(ren)為(wei)，“死(si)扣(kou)(kou)”船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)具(ju)有對外公示船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)優(you)(you)先(xian)權(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用，“活扣(kou)(kou)”卻不(bu)能起到(dao)這(zhe)種效果。“活扣(kou)(kou)”不(bu)利(li)于后(hou)續債權(quan)(quan)(quan)人(ren)了解(jie)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)動態，可能損害后(hou)續其他海事債權(quan)(quan)(quan)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)益。另一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種意見(jian)認(ren)為(wei)，“活扣(kou)(kou)”也具(ju)備一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)公示效力，“活扣(kou)(kou)”有利(li)于船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)繼續經(jing)營，通過(guo)“放水(shui)養魚”，有利(li)于船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)東清償包括船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)資債權(quan)(quan)(quan)在內的(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)項債權(quan)(quan)(quan)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)利(li)益、船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)東利(li)益和其他債權(quan)(quan)(quan)人(ren)利(li)益的(de)(de)(de)(de)多贏(ying)局(ju)面(mian)。考慮到(dao)：第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)具(ju)有船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)優(you)(you)先(xian)權(quan)(quan)(quan)性質的(de)(de)(de)(de)債權(quan)(quan)(quan)產生后(hou)，即使因客觀(guan)原因暫時無法(fa)對船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)進行(xing)“死(si)扣(kou)(kou)”，但司法(fa)解(jie)釋(shi)已經(jing)賦(fu)予了船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)先(xian)行(xing)只確認(ren)其優(you)(you)先(xian)權(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)(quan)利(li)，船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)益已經(jing)得到(dao)了一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定程(cheng)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)保障(zhang)；第(di)二(er)，對船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)進行(xing)扣(kou)(kou)押后(hou)才能進行(xing)拍賣，從而(er)最終保障(zhang)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)優(you)(you)先(xian)權(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)，而(er)對船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)僅(jin)采取(qu)“活扣(kou)(kou)”措施，無法(fa)實(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)對船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)拍賣，從而(er)無法(fa)保障(zhang)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)優(you)(you)先(xian)權(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)；第(di)三(san)，扣(kou)(kou)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)公約對扣(kou)(kou)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)使用的(de)(de)(de)(de)是“arrest”這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)表述，“死(si)扣(kou)(kou)”才符合“arrest”的(de)(de)(de)(de)本(ben)意。司法(fa)解(jie)釋(shi)第(di)七條(tiao)規定，“活扣(kou)(kou)”不(bu)構成海商法(fa)第(di)二(er)十八條(tiao)所規定的(de)(de)(de)(de)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)扣(kou)(kou)押。

　　問：船員與船舶(bo)所有人(ren)(ren)之間(jian)關于(yu)工資報(bao)酬的(de)(de)爭議占較大比(bi)重(zhong)，船員工資和其(qi)(qi)他勞動報(bao)酬的(de)(de)各項具體構成中，哪些部分具有船舶(bo)優(you)先權(quan)的(de)(de)性質，涉(she)及(ji)到船員利(li)益和其(qi)(qi)他債(zhai)權(quan)人(ren)(ren)特別是對船舶(bo)享有擔保物權(quan)的(de)(de)債(zhai)權(quan)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)利(li)益的(de)(de)平衡保護，司(si)法(fa)解(jie)釋對這一問題是如何規定(ding)的(de)(de)？

　　答：海商法(fa)規(gui)定船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)、其(qi)他(ta)(ta)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)報酬(chou)(chou)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)優(you)先(xian)(xian)權性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi)，但對(dui)(dui)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)優(you)先(xian)(xian)權性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)、其(qi)他(ta)(ta)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)報酬(chou)(chou)的(de)(de)(de)范圍如何(he)理解，船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)、其(qi)他(ta)(ta)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)報酬(chou)(chou)的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)項具(ju)(ju)體(ti)構成是(shi)(shi)否(fou)均(jun)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)優(you)先(xian)(xian)權，是(shi)(shi)司法(fa)實踐(jian)中(zhong)爭論(lun)最大的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題之一。一般(ban)說來，船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)薪(xin)(xin)酬(chou)(chou)由在(zai)航工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)薪(xin)(xin)酬(chou)(chou)和(he)保(bao)障性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)薪(xin)(xin)酬(chou)(chou)兩大部分(fen)構成，“上船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)有(you)(you)薪(xin)(xin)，下船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)無薪(xin)(xin)”是(shi)(shi)國際(ji)航運(yun)界通行的(de)(de)(de)慣例。正常(chang)在(zai)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作期(qi)(qi)間產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)報酬(chou)(chou)或基本工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)，延(yan)長工(gong)(gong)(gong)作時間的(de)(de)(de)加班工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)，休(xiu)息日、法(fa)定休(xiu)假日加班工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)，在(zai)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)服(fu)務(wu)期(qi)(qi)間的(de)(de)(de)獎金(jin)、相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)津(jin)貼(tie)和(he)補貼(tie)，以及(ji)(ji)特(te)殊(shu)情況下支(zhi)付(fu)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)，以及(ji)(ji)未按期(qi)(qi)支(zhi)付(fu)上述(shu)款項產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)孳(zi)(zi)息，因(yin)為均(jun)與登船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)、在(zai)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作、離船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)遣返(fan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)，均(jun)屬(shu)附著(zhu)于船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)上的(de)(de)(de)隨船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)債務(wu)，故均(jun)屬(shu)于具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)優(you)先(xian)(xian)權性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)債權。至于勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)法(fa)、勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)同法(fa)中(zhong)規(gui)定的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)經(jing)(jing)濟補償(chang)(chang)金(jin)、賠償(chang)(chang)金(jin)，未簽訂書面勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)同而(er)應支(zhi)付(fu)的(de)(de)(de)雙倍工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)，以及(ji)(ji)因(yin)遲延(yan)支(zhi)付(fu)而(er)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)應孳(zi)(zi)息等(deng)(deng)，因(yin)并非直(zhi)接產(chan)生(sheng)于在(zai)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作期(qi)(qi)間，在(zai)已經(jing)(jing)對(dui)(dui)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)加班工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)、獎金(jin)、相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)津(jin)補貼(tie)及(ji)(ji)孳(zi)(zi)息賦予船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)優(you)先(xian)(xian)權屬(shu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)前提下，為適度兼顧其(qi)他(ta)(ta)對(dui)(dui)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)享有(you)(you)擔保(bao)物(wu)權的(de)(de)(de)權利人的(de)(de)(de)利益，司法(fa)解釋規(gui)定相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)經(jing)(jing)濟補償(chang)(chang)金(jin)、賠償(chang)(chang)金(jin)及(ji)(ji)其(qi)孳(zi)(zi)息等(deng)(deng)不具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)優(you)先(xian)(xian)權的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi)。至于待(dai)派工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)、休(xiu)假工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)優(you)先(xian)(xian)權屬(shu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，司法(fa)解釋條文起草(cao)過程中(zhong)還存在(zai)較大爭議，對(dui)(dui)該問(wen)題暫未作規(gui)定。

　　問：我(wo)們知道，目前(qian)我(wo)國的(de)(de)海(hai)(hai)洋(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環境保護面(mian)臨(lin)較大(da)的(de)(de)壓力，而禁(jin)漁期、禁(jin)漁區違法捕撈，以及越界捕撈、撈捕珍稀瀕危(wei)海(hai)(hai)洋(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)物等(deng)違法作業(ye)現(xian)象仍未完全禁(jin)絕。違法作業(ye)情(qing)形下船(chuan)員的(de)(de)工資是否應得(de)到保護，是海(hai)(hai)事(shi)審判中最具(ju)爭(zheng)議的(de)(de)問題之一(yi)。司法解釋是如何在(zai)海(hai)(hai)洋(yang)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)環境的(de)(de)現(xian)實緊迫(po)需求和(he)船(chuan)員權益的(de)(de)合理保障之間(jian)尋求最大(da)平衡的(de)(de)？

　　答：我(wo)(wo)國目前海(hai)(hai)洋生(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)境確實面臨(lin)較大的(de)壓力。據相關報道，我(wo)(wo)國沿海(hai)(hai)漁(yu)業(ye)資(zi)源(yuan)幾(ji)乎枯竭。但禁漁(yu)期、禁漁(yu)區違法(fa)(fa)捕(bu)撈的(de)現象仍不時出現，海(hai)(hai)洋生(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)境形勢(shi)日益嚴(yan)峻(jun)，越界捕(bu)撈、在他國海(hai)(hai)域濫(lan)捕(bu)珍稀、瀕危(wei)海(hai)(hai)洋生(sheng)(sheng)物還(huan)不時引發外(wai)交爭議。為(wei)保護海(hai)(hai)洋生(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)境，我(wo)(wo)國刑(xing)法(fa)(fa)、漁(yu)業(ye)法(fa)(fa)和海(hai)(hai)洋環(huan)境保護法(fa)(fa)等都設(she)置(zhi)了相關條文予以規制。

　　海事審(shen)判實踐中，爭議比(bi)較大(da)的(de)(de)問題是，在(zai)違(wei)法(fa)作(zuo)業情(qing)形下對(dui)于船(chuan)員的(de)(de)工(gong)資報(bao)酬是否應予(yu)支持(chi)。一(yi)(yi)種意(yi)見(jian)(jian)認為(wei)(wei)，對(dui)于違(wei)法(fa)捕(bu)撈(lao)，特別是禁(jin)漁期禁(jin)止(zhi)捕(bu)撈(lao)，幾乎(hu)是所有(you)(you)漁船(chuan)船(chuan)員都知道(dao)的(de)(de)禁(jin)令。如果(guo)船(chuan)員知悉參(can)(can)與違(wei)法(fa)作(zuo)業存(cun)在(zai)無(wu)法(fa)獲得工(gong)資報(bao)酬的(de)(de)風險，船(chuan)員愿(yuan)意(yi)參(can)(can)與違(wei)法(fa)作(zuo)業的(de)(de)現象將大(da)幅度下降，意(yi)圖違(wei)法(fa)捕(bu)撈(lao)的(de)(de)漁船(chuan)船(chuan)東將面臨無(wu)人可雇的(de)(de)局面，違(wei)法(fa)作(zuo)業數量將因(yin)此大(da)大(da)減少，這對(dui)于海洋生態環境的(de)(de)保護和逐步恢(hui)復是有(you)(you)利的(de)(de)。另一(yi)(yi)種意(yi)見(jian)(jian)認為(wei)(wei)，船(chuan)員是弱勢群體(ti)，即使進(jin)行違(wei)法(fa)作(zuo)業一(yi)(yi)般也是受(shou)船(chuan)東指(zhi)派。船(chuan)員與船(chuan)舶所有(you)(you)人之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)勞動或勞務關系(xi)，有(you)(you)關部門(men)與船(chuan)舶所有(you)(you)人、船(chuan)員之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)形成的(de)(de)行政管(guan)理關系(xi)，屬不(bu)同性質的(de)(de)法(fa)律關系(xi)，存(cun)在(zai)違(wei)法(fa)作(zuo)業情(qing)形時船(chuan)員的(de)(de)工(gong)資報(bao)酬仍應予(yu)以保護。

　　司法解釋(shi)調(diao)研和起(qi)草過程中，我(wo)們充(chong)(chong)分(fen)注(zhu)意(yi)到了(le)各方的(de)意(yi)見，充(chong)(chong)分(fen)意(yi)識(shi)到了(le)海(hai)洋生態環境的(de)現實緊迫性(xing)和船員(yuan)(yuan)權益保(bao)障的(de)重要性(xing)。為(wei)此，我(wo)們針對(dui)相(xiang)關部(bu)門的(de)反饋意(yi)見，對(dui)該條文(wen)數易其稿，反復斟(zhen)酌，多次(ci)和相(xiang)關部(bu)門溝(gou)通，形成(cheng)了(le)現在的(de)意(yi)見，即船員(yuan)(yuan)因受(shou)(shou)欺詐(zha)、受(shou)(shou)脅迫而違法作業(ye)，船員(yuan)(yuan)主張相(xiang)關工(gong)資和其他報酬的(de)，對(dui)船員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)請(qing)求應(ying)予(yu)支(zhi)持。但(dan)船舶所有(you)人(ren)舉(ju)證(zheng)證(zheng)明船員(yuan)(yuan)對(dui)違法作業(ye)自愿且明知的(de)，對(dui)船員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)請(qing)求不予(yu)支(zhi)持。船東或(huo)(huo)船員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)行(xing)為(wei)應(ying)受(shou)(shou)行(xing)政處(chu)罰或(huo)(huo)構成(cheng)刑事犯(fan)罪的(de)，則(ze)依照相(xiang)關法定程序處(chu)理。

日期：2020-9-28 14:47:03 | 關閉 |