寬嚴相濟 重在轉化 最大限度發揮附條件不起訴制度優勢
——最高檢第九檢察廳負責人就第二十七批指導性案例答記者問
3月(yue)3日(ri),最高(gao)人民檢(jian)察院發布第(di)二十七批指導性案例(“對涉(she)罪未成年人附條件不起訴”主題(ti)),最高(gao)檢(jian)第(di)九檢(jian)察廳廳長史(shi)衛忠(zhong)就相關(guan)問(wen)題(ti)回答了(le)記者(zhe)提問(wen)。
記者:什么是附條件不起訴?適用附條件不起訴需要具備哪些條件?
史衛(wei)忠:根據(ju)刑事訴(su)(su)訟(song)法第(di)(di)(di)(di)二百八十二條規定(ding),對于(yu)未(wei)成年人涉嫌(xian)刑法分則第(di)(di)(di)(di)四章(zhang)、第(di)(di)(di)(di)五章(zhang)、第(di)(di)(di)(di)六章(zhang)規定(ding)的(de)犯(fan)罪,可能(neng)判(pan)處一年有期徒(tu)刑以下刑罰,符合起(qi)(qi)訴(su)(su)條件,但有悔罪表現的(de),檢(jian)察機關(guan)可以作出附條件不起(qi)(qi)訴(su)(su)決定(ding)。
從(cong)這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)看出,適用附條(tiao)件(jian)不起(qi)(qi)訴(su)需(xu)要(yao)同(tong)時滿(man)足以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)幾個(ge)條(tiao)件(jian)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)適用對象是(shi)(shi)(shi)未(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)犯(fan)(fan)(fan)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)不能(neng)適用。對實施(shi)犯(fan)(fan)(fan)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)行為(wei)時系未(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)但(dan)(dan)訴(su)訟(song)過程中(zhong)已滿(man)十(shi)八周歲的(de)犯(fan)(fan)(fan)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)嫌疑人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),符(fu)合條(tiao)件(jian)的(de)也可以(yi)(yi)(yi)適用。牛某非法拘禁案就是(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)例子。二是(shi)(shi)(shi)涉嫌刑(xing)(xing)(xing)法分則第四章(zhang)、第五章(zhang)、第六章(zhang)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)犯(fan)(fan)(fan)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui),即(ji)涉嫌侵犯(fan)(fan)(fan)公民人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)身權(quan)利(li)、民主權(quan)利(li)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui),侵犯(fan)(fan)(fan)財產罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)、妨害(hai)社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)管理(li)秩(zhi)序罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)的(de)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)適用,其他類型犯(fan)(fan)(fan)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)比如(ru)(ru)危害(hai)國家安(an)全、公共安(an)全、破壞社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)主義(yi)經濟秩(zhi)序等犯(fan)(fan)(fan)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)不能(neng)適用。三(san)是(shi)(shi)(shi)可能(neng)判(pan)處(chu)(chu)(chu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)有(you)期徒(tu)(tu)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)罰(fa)(fa)(fa)。“一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)有(you)期徒(tu)(tu)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)罰(fa)(fa)(fa)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)可能(neng)的(de)宣告刑(xing)(xing)(xing),而(er)非法定(ding)刑(xing)(xing)(xing),即(ji),如(ru)(ru)果將犯(fan)(fan)(fan)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)嫌疑人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)交付審判(pan),法院對其可能(neng)判(pan)處(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)罰(fa)(fa)(fa)。比如(ru)(ru),我(wo)們發(fa)布的(de)胡(hu)某某搶劫案,搶劫犯(fan)(fan)(fan)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)法定(ding)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上有(you)期徒(tu)(tu)刑(xing)(xing)(xing),但(dan)(dan)根據各(ge)種量(liang)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)情(qing)節(jie),調(diao)節(jie)基準(zhun)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)后(hou)測算胡(hu)某某可能(neng)判(pan)處(chu)(chu)(chu)有(you)期徒(tu)(tu)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)十(shi)個(ge)月至一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),因而(er)適用了附條(tiao)件(jian)不起(qi)(qi)訴(su)。還有(you),發(fa)布的(de)李(li)某詐騙、傳授犯(fan)(fan)(fan)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)方法、牛某等人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)詐騙案,李(li)某雖觸犯(fan)(fan)(fan)兩罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui),但(dan)(dan)綜合全案事實、社(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)調(diao)查(cha)情(qing)況以(yi)(yi)(yi)及犯(fan)(fan)(fan)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)后(hou)表現,依據有(you)關量(liang)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)指(zhi)導意見,李(li)某的(de)綜合刑(xing)(xing)(xing)期應在一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)有(you)期徒(tu)(tu)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia),因而(er)也對其附條(tiao)件(jian)不起(qi)(qi)訴(su),都取得了比較(jiao)好的(de)效(xiao)果。四是(shi)(shi)(shi)符(fu)合起(qi)(qi)訴(su)條(tiao)件(jian)。對于符(fu)合刑(xing)(xing)(xing)事訴(su)訟(song)法第一(yi)(yi)(yi)百七(qi)十(shi)七(qi)條(tiao)第二款規(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)不起(qi)(qi)訴(su)條(tiao)件(jian),也就是(shi)(shi)(shi)說,如(ru)(ru)果未(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)犯(fan)(fan)(fan)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)嫌疑人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)屬于犯(fan)(fan)(fan)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)情(qing)節(jie)輕(qing)微,依照刑(xing)(xing)(xing)法規(gui)(gui)定(ding)不需(xu)要(yao)判(pan)處(chu)(chu)(chu)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)罰(fa)(fa)(fa)或(huo)者免除刑(xing)(xing)(xing)罰(fa)(fa)(fa)條(tiao)件(jian)的(de),應直接依法適用不起(qi)(qi)訴(su),不能(neng)以(yi)(yi)(yi)附條(tiao)件(jian)不起(qi)(qi)訴(su)代替不起(qi)(qi)訴(su)。五是(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)悔(hui)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)表現。《未(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)刑(xing)(xing)(xing)事檢察工作(zuo)指(zhi)引(yin)(試(shi)行)》列舉了幾種情(qing)形,主要(yao)包括認(ren)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)認(ren)罰(fa)(fa)(fa),向被害(hai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)賠禮(li)道歉、積極退贓、盡力減少或(huo)者賠償(chang)損失,取得被害(hai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)諒(liang)解,具(ju)有(you)自(zi)首或(huo)立功表現,犯(fan)(fan)(fan)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)中(zhong)止(zhi),等等。
總之(zhi),具備以上五個條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian),檢察機關可以適用(yong)附(fu)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)不(bu)(bu)起(qi)(qi)訴,但這(zhe)只是必要條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian),而非充分(fen)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。實踐中有一些符(fu)合(he)這(zhe)些條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian),但因(yin)幫教條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)不(bu)(bu)具備等原因(yin)而沒有被附(fu)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)不(bu)(bu)起(qi)(qi)訴。今(jin)后,我(wo)們將繼(ji)續(xu)指導各地依法積極適用(yong)附(fu)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)不(bu)(bu)起(qi)(qi)訴,合(he)理提高附(fu)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)不(bu)(bu)起(qi)(qi)訴適用(yong)率,更好地發(fa)揮(hui)這(zhe)一制度的作(zuo)用(yong)。
記者:對未成年人附條件不起訴的監督考驗期限是如何設置的?是否可以調整?
史衛(wei)忠:對符合(he)條件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)涉(she)罪(zui)(zui)未(wei)(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)人作(zuo)出(chu)附(fu)條件(jian)(jian)不起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)訴(su)(su)決定(ding)(ding),根據刑(xing)事(shi)訴(su)(su)訟法第二百八十三條規定(ding)(ding),需要(yao)設置(zhi)六個月(yue)到(dao)一(yi)年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)考驗(yan)(yan)期(qi),考驗(yan)(yan)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)長短要(yao)與未(wei)(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)人所(suo)犯(fan)罪(zui)(zui)行的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)質、情(qing)節(jie)(jie)和主(zhu)觀惡性(xing)大小(xiao)相適應。在此期(qi)間(jian),被附(fu)條件(jian)(jian)不起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)訴(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)未(wei)(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)人要(yao)遵守相關規定(ding)(ding),并按照檢察(cha)機關的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)接受(shou)矯治(zhi)(zhi)和教育。檢察(cha)機關將根據社(she)會調查情(qing)況(kuang),針對涉(she)罪(zui)(zui)未(wei)(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)人的(de)(de)(de)具體犯(fan)罪(zui)(zui)原因(yin)和回(hui)歸社(she)會的(de)(de)(de)具體需求(qiu)等設置(zhi)附(fu)帶條件(jian)(jian)。考驗(yan)(yan)期(qi)間(jian),未(wei)(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)人實(shi)施新的(de)(de)(de)犯(fan)罪(zui)(zui)或者(zhe)發現漏罪(zui)(zui)、違(wei)反治(zhi)(zhi)安管理規定(ding)(ding)或者(zhe)檢察(cha)機關所(suo)附(fu)條件(jian)(jian)情(qing)節(jie)(jie)嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de),將撤銷附(fu)條件(jian)(jian)不起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)訴(su)(su)決定(ding)(ding),依(yi)法提起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)公訴(su)(su)。唐某等人聚眾斗毆案(an)就是因(yin)違(wei)反考察(cha)機關附(fu)條件(jian)(jian)不起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)訴(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)監督管理規定(ding)(ding)被撤銷附(fu)條件(jian)(jian)不起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)訴(su)(su)決定(ding)(ding),后被判處有(you)期(qi)徒刑(xing)八個月(yue)。考驗(yan)(yan)期(qi)間(jian)沒有(you)上述情(qing)形(xing),考驗(yan)(yan)期(qi)滿的(de)(de)(de),檢察(cha)機關將依(yi)法作(zuo)出(chu)不起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)訴(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)決定(ding)(ding)。其余4個案(an)例(li)就是這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)。
當然,考驗(yan)(yan)期限并非(fei)一成不變(bian)(bian)。檢(jian)察(cha)機(ji)關(guan)(guan)可(ke)以(yi)根(gen)據被附條件不起(qi)訴人(ren)的(de)不同情況和(he)個性需(xu)求,動態調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)考驗(yan)(yan)期限和(he)幫教內(nei)容。比如,發布的(de)胡某(mou)(mou)某(mou)(mou)搶劫案,鑒于胡某(mou)(mou)某(mou)(mou)表現良好、考上大學后角色轉變(bian)(bian)等情況,檢(jian)察(cha)機(ji)關(guan)(guan)組織家長、學校、心理(li)咨(zi)詢師(shi)、社區召開“圓桌會議(yi)”聽取各(ge)方意見。經綜(zong)合評(ping)估,各(ge)方一致認為原(yuan)定(ding)考驗(yan)(yan)期限和(he)幫教措施已不適應當前(qian)教育(yu)矯治需(xu)求,有必要作出調(diao)(diao)整(zheng)。檢(jian)察(cha)機(ji)關(guan)(guan)決定(ding)將胡某(mou)(mou)某(mou)(mou)的(de)考驗(yan)(yan)期縮短為八個月(yue)。同樣,根(gen)據教育(yu)矯治需(xu)要,檢(jian)察(cha)機(ji)關(guan)(guan)也可(ke)以(yi)決定(ding)延長考察(cha)期限。
記者:“按照考察機關的要求接受矯治和教育”具體指什么?
史(shi)衛忠:按照(zhao)考察(cha)機(ji)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求接受(shou)矯(jiao)治(zhi)和教育,是(shi)指被(bei)附(fu)條(tiao)件不起訴的(de)(de)(de)(de)未成(cheng)年人(ren)要(yao)(yao)按照(zhao)人(ren)民檢(jian)察(cha)院的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求接受(shou)一(yi)系列的(de)(de)(de)(de)矯(jiao)治(zhi)和教育項目,主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)包括:(一(yi))完成(cheng)戒癮治(zhi)療、心理輔導(dao)或者(zhe)(zhe)其他(ta)(ta)適(shi)當的(de)(de)(de)(de)處遇措施;(二)向社區或者(zhe)(zhe)公益團體(ti)提供公益勞動(dong)(dong);(三)不得進(jin)入特定(ding)(ding)(ding)場所,與(yu)特定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)員會見或者(zhe)(zhe)通信,從事(shi)特定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)動(dong)(dong);(四)向被(bei)害人(ren)賠(pei)償損失、賠(pei)禮道(dao)歉等(deng);(五)接受(shou)相關教育;(六)遵守其他(ta)(ta)保護被(bei)害人(ren)安全以及預防再犯的(de)(de)(de)(de)禁止性規定(ding)(ding)(ding)。《人(ren)民檢(jian)察(cha)院刑事(shi)訴訟(song)規則》第四百七十六條(tiao)對此(ci)作了明(ming)確規定(ding)(ding)(ding)。
從上述規(gui)定看,矯治和教育項目(mu)可(ke)大體分(fen)為(wei)四(si)類(lei)(lei),一(yi)是矯正(zheng)類(lei)(lei),如(ru)接受心理(li)輔導、參(can)加公益活動、接受相關教育等(deng);二是修復(fu)類(lei)(lei),如(ru)賠(pei)禮道(dao)歉、損害賠(pei)償等(deng);三是限制類(lei)(lei),如(ru)限制進入特定區域等(deng);四(si)是保護觀察(cha)類(lei)(lei),如(ru)戒癮治療等(deng),并規(gui)定了一(yi)個(ge)兜底(di)條款,即“(六(liu))遵守其他(ta)保護被害人(ren)安全以及(ji)預防(fang)再(zai)犯的禁止性規(gui)定。”也就是說,檢(jian)察(cha)機關可(ke)以根據未成(cheng)(cheng)年人(ren)的具體情(qing)況和幫教需(xu)求來設置考察(cha)幫教的內容,以保證(zheng)取得預防(fang)被附條件不(bu)起(qi)訴(su)的未成(cheng)(cheng)年人(ren)重新(xin)犯罪、促進其健康成(cheng)(cheng)長(chang)的實效。
記者:如果被害人不同意檢察機關對涉罪未成年人附條件不起訴,檢察機關可以作出附條件不起訴嗎?如何保護被害人的利益?
史衛忠:根據刑(xing)事(shi)訴(su)(su)(su)訟法(fa)第二(er)(er)百八十二(er)(er)條(tiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding),人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)院(yuan)(yuan)在作出附(fu)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)不起(qi)(qi)訴(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)決(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)以前,應(ying)當(dang)聽取被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)見,如(ru)果被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)對(dui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)院(yuan)(yuan)作出的(de)(de)(de)(de)附(fu)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)不起(qi)(qi)訴(su)(su)(su)決(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)不服,可以在收(shou)到決(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)書后七日以內向上一級(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)院(yuan)(yuan)申(shen)訴(su)(su)(su)。也就是(shi)(shi)說,刑(xing)事(shi)訴(su)(su)(su)訟法(fa)賦予了(le)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)對(dui)附(fu)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)不起(qi)(qi)訴(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)程(cheng)序參與權,以及通(tong)過申(shen)訴(su)(su)(su)尋求救濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)權利,但(dan)其意(yi)(yi)見及申(shen)訴(su)(su)(su)在法(fa)定(ding)(ding)(ding)層(ceng)面不具有(you)(you)(you)阻斷附(fu)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)不起(qi)(qi)訴(su)(su)(su)決(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)效力,即使被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)不同(tong)意(yi)(yi),檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)機關依(yi)然有(you)(you)(you)權從教(jiao)育、感化、挽(wan)救出發,對(dui)涉罪(zui)(zui)未成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)作出附(fu)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)不起(qi)(qi)訴(su)(su)(su)決(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)。但(dan)是(shi)(shi),在實踐中(zhong),檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)機關對(dui)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)見非常重(zhong)視,一方(fang)面是(shi)(shi)因(yin)為(wei)(wei)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)是(shi)(shi)受犯罪(zui)(zui)行為(wei)(wei)侵害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren),在訴(su)(su)(su)訟中(zhong)是(shi)(shi)一方(fang)當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren),而檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)機關負有(you)(you)(you)維護(hu)當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)合法(fa)權益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)職責。被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)見對(dui)于檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)機關而言非常重(zhong)要,如(ru)果沒有(you)(you)(you)特(te)別充分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)由,被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)意(yi)(yi)見檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)機關一般是(shi)(shi)采納的(de)(de)(de)(de)。另一方(fang)面,涉罪(zui)(zui)未成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)回(hui)歸社(she)會需要一個和諧的(de)(de)(de)(de)環境,如(ru)果在被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)強烈反對(dui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下,檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)機關仍作出附(fu)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)不起(qi)(qi)訴(su)(su)(su)決(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding),不僅可能(neng)激(ji)化矛(mao)盾、引(yin)發不穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)因(yin)素,而且對(dui)于涉罪(zui)(zui)未成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)順利回(hui)歸社(she)會也不利。《人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)院(yuan)(yuan)辦理(li)未成(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)刑(xing)事(shi)案件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)》規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding),“對(dui)于決(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)附(fu)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)不起(qi)(qi)訴(su)(su)(su)可能(neng)激(ji)化矛(mao)盾或者引(yin)發不穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)因(yin)素的(de)(de)(de)(de),人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)察(cha)院(yuan)(yuan)應(ying)當(dang)慎重(zhong)適用。”也就是(shi)(shi)說,被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)見對(dui)附(fu)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)不起(qi)(qi)訴(su)(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)決(jue)(jue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)有(you)(you)(you)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。這也符合“雙(shuang)向保護(hu)原則(ze)”,以避(bi)免執法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)片面性。
實(shi)踐中,檢察機(ji)關(guan)會(hui)盡(jin)可(ke)能(neng)地鼓勵、說服涉(she)罪(zui)未(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)年人(ren)(ren)及(ji)其(qi)法(fa)(fa)定(ding)代理(li)人(ren)(ren)通過認(ren)罪(zui)認(ren)罰、賠(pei)償損失、賠(pei)禮道(dao)歉等方(fang)式獲得(de)被害人(ren)(ren)諒(liang)解(jie),把保護被害人(ren)(ren)對附條件不起訴的(de)救濟權(quan)轉化為事前(qian)對其(qi)權(quan)益的(de)關(guan)注(zhu)和(he)(he)尊重,在做好釋法(fa)(fa)說理(li)的(de)同時,盡(jin)最(zui)大可(ke)能(neng)依法(fa)(fa)滿足其(qi)回(hui)歸正常生活(huo)的(de)需要(yao),包括物質、精神損失獲得(de)補償,相關(guan)困(kun)難得(de)到解(jie)決等。因此,促使(shi)被害人(ren)(ren)對涉(she)罪(zui)未(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)年人(ren)(ren)諒(liang)解(jie)或(huo)(huo)雙方(fang)達成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)(he)解(jie),就成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為檢察機(ji)關(guan)作出(chu)附條件不起訴決定(ding)前(qian)的(de)重要(yao)工作,實(shi)踐中便呈現出(chu)附條件不起訴制(zhi)度(du)與刑事和(he)(he)解(jie)制(zhi)度(du)結(jie)合適用的(de)局面,二者往(wang)往(wang)相互(hu)影響,在過程中互(hu)為條件,在法(fa)(fa)律后果上(shang)相互(hu)印證。需要(yao)指出(chu)的(de)是,在未(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)年人(ren)(ren)刑事案(an)件的(de)和(he)(he)解(jie)中,不是只(zhi)看或(huo)(huo)者重點(dian)關(guan)注(zhu)是否(fou)賠(pei)償到位,而是更(geng)注(zhu)重促進涉(she)罪(zui)未(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)年人(ren)(ren)從認(ren)知到情感的(de)社會(hui)化,真正起到實(shi)質性(xing)的(de)喚醒良知的(de)作用。未(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)年人(ren)(ren)及(ji)其(qi)法(fa)(fa)定(ding)代理(li)人(ren)(ren)只(zhi)要(yao)有和(he)(he)解(jie)的(de)誠意,即(ji)使(shi)無(wu)力賠(pei)償,檢察機(ji)關(guan)也可(ke)以(yi)通過司(si)法(fa)(fa)求助等方(fang)式予以(yi)解(jie)決。
記者:附條件不起訴制度整體適用情況怎么樣?下步重點工作是什么?
史衛忠:從(cong)法(fa)律確立附(fu)條件(jian)不(bu)起訴(su)(su)(su)制度(du)以來,檢(jian)察(cha)機關(guan)對(dui)(dui)符合條件(jian)的涉罪未(wei)成年(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)積極適(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong),2015年(nian)(nian)以來,適(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)數逐年(nian)(nian)上升(sheng),2015年(nian)(nian)至(zhi)2019年(nian)(nian),適(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)數分別為3779人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、4455人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、5681人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、6624人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、7463人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),占(zhan)審查起訴(su)(su)(su)未(wei)成年(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)總人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)數的比(bi)率(簡稱“附(fu)條件(jian)不(bu)起訴(su)(su)(su)適(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)率”)分別為6.04%、8.00%、10.06%、12.15%、12.51%。特別是2020年(nian)(nian)以來,最高檢(jian)指導各地檢(jian)察(cha)機關(guan)堅持依法(fa)應用(yong)(yong)盡用(yong)(yong)原(yuan)則,前11個月對(dui)(dui)未(wei)成年(nian)(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)決定附(fu)條件(jian)不(bu)起訴(su)(su)(su)9401人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),附(fu)條件(jian)不(bu)起訴(su)(su)(su)適(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)率達19.9%,同比(bi)上升(sheng)7.8個百分點。
同(tong)時,附(fu)(fu)條件(jian)(jian)(jian)不(bu)起訴(su)(su)考(kao)(kao)驗(yan)期(qi)間(jian)因違反相關(guan)規定(ding)或者重新犯(fan)罪被提起公(gong)訴(su)(su)人(ren)(ren)(ren)數保(bao)持在較(jiao)低水平,2015年至(zhi)2019年分別為99人(ren)(ren)(ren)、141人(ren)(ren)(ren)、134人(ren)(ren)(ren)、183人(ren)(ren)(ren)、233人(ren)(ren)(ren),被重新提起公(gong)訴(su)(su)人(ren)(ren)(ren)數占附(fu)(fu)條件(jian)(jian)(jian)不(bu)起訴(su)(su)總數的比率基本(ben)保(bao)持在2.3%至(zhi)3.2%之間(jian)。2020年前11個(ge)月,附(fu)(fu)條件(jian)(jian)(jian)不(bu)起訴(su)(su)后(hou)重新起訴(su)(su)232人(ren)(ren)(ren),占附(fu)(fu)條件(jian)(jian)(jian)不(bu)起訴(su)(su)人(ren)(ren)(ren)數的2.47%,反映附(fu)(fu)條件(jian)(jian)(jian)不(bu)起訴(su)(su)制度整體適(shi)(shi)用情況良好(hao),且隨著(zhu)適(shi)(shi)用人(ren)(ren)(ren)數不(bu)斷增加,教育(yu)挽救(jiu)和監督考(kao)(kao)察效果非但沒有下(xia)降,反而有所提升。
下一(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)(bu),我們將以(yi)發布本批(pi)指(zhi)導(dao)性案(an)例(li)為(wei)(wei)抓手,進(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)(bu)加強(qiang)附(fu)(fu)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)起訴(su)(su)(su)工作。一(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)提(ti)高(gao)附(fu)(fu)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)起訴(su)(su)(su)案(an)件(jian)(jian)質(zhi)量。準確把握適(shi)用附(fu)(fu)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)起訴(su)(su)(su)的條(tiao)件(jian)(jian),嚴格規范適(shi)用程序(xu),推動解決調查報告形式化、同質(zhi)化等(deng)問題,進(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)(bu)提(ti)升所附(fu)(fu)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)的針對(dui)(dui)性。二是(shi)(shi)(shi)合(he)(he)理(li)(li)提(ti)高(gao)附(fu)(fu)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)起訴(su)(su)(su)適(shi)用率。對(dui)(dui)符合(he)(he)附(fu)(fu)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)起訴(su)(su)(su)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)的案(an)件(jian)(jian),依法(fa)(fa)積極適(shi)用,尤其(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)做相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)起訴(su)(su)(su)處理(li)(li)或者法(fa)(fa)院判處一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)及以(yi)下有期(qi)徒刑未成年(nian)人(ren)犯罪案(an)件(jian)(jian)較(jiao)多的地方,加強(qiang)跟蹤指(zhi)導(dao),加大適(shi)用力度,維(wei)護(hu)好未成年(nian)人(ren)合(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)權益(yi)。三是(shi)(shi)(shi)加強(qiang)對(dui)(dui)附(fu)(fu)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)起訴(su)(su)(su)制度的調研(yan)分析(xi)。研(yan)究適(shi)用條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)、合(he)(he)理(li)(li)范圍,為(wei)(wei)進(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)(bu)完善附(fu)(fu)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)不(bu)(bu)(bu)起訴(su)(su)(su)制度提(ti)供檢察經驗和智慧(hui)。
記者:在附條件不起訴工作工作中,未成年人檢察社會支持體系能夠發揮什么作用?
史衛忠:從發布的(de)(de)指(zhi)導(dao)性(xing)案(an)(an)(an)(an)例可以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)看出,做(zuo)好(hao)附(fu)條件不(bu)起訴工(gong)(gong)(gong)作,不(bu)僅(jin)要(yao)依(yi)托(tuo)于(yu)專業(ye)司(si)法(fa)隊伍的(de)(de)構建(jian),也(ye)有(you)賴(lai)于(yu)未成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)年人檢(jian)(jian)察工(gong)(gong)(gong)作社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)體(ti)系(xi)建(jian)設。這幾件指(zhi)導(dao)性(xing)案(an)(an)(an)(an)例,一(yi)個共(gong)同的(de)(de)特(te)點就是(shi),檢(jian)(jian)察機(ji)關(guan)注(zhu)重在(zai)個案(an)(an)(an)(an)辦(ban)理(li)每(mei)個環節中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),主動爭取、整(zheng)合(he)相關(guan)社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)力量的(de)(de)支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)參與(yu)。如(ru)有(you)的(de)(de)在(zai)審查(cha)(cha)逮(dai)捕、審查(cha)(cha)起訴中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),全程引入(ru)司(si)法(fa)社(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)落實社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)調(diao)查(cha)(cha)、跟(gen)蹤幫教(jiao)等(deng)特(te)殊程序;有(you)的(de)(de)在(zai)依(yi)法(fa)訊問、調(diao)查(cha)(cha)核實中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),聘請心(xin)理(li)專家開(kai)展(zhan)人格(ge)甄別、犯(fan)罪(zui)心(xin)理(li)分析等(deng)基礎性(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作;有(you)的(de)(de)在(zai)適用認(ren)罪(zui)認(ren)罰(fa)、附(fu)條件不(bu)起訴制度(du)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),借力律師(shi)、監(jian)管人員等(deng)實施認(ren)罪(zui)教(jiao)育(yu)、矯(jiao)治教(jiao)育(yu)等(deng)措(cuo)施;有(you)的(de)(de)在(zai)做(zuo)好(hao)案(an)(an)(an)(an)件后半篇文章中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),爭取團委(wei)、婦聯、民政、教(jiao)育(yu)、關(guan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)委(wei)等(deng)部門支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi),建(jian)立未成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)年人犯(fan)罪(zui)預防機(ji)制等(deng)。堅持(chi)在(zai)辦(ban)案(an)(an)(an)(an)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)體(ti)系(xi)建(jian)設,在(zai)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)體(ti)系(xi)建(jian)設中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)促進(jin)辦(ban)案(an)(an)(an)(an),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)溝(gou)通做(zuo)到靶向發力,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)密切的(de)(de)協作實現優勢互補,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)資源(yuan)的(de)(de)整(zheng)合(he)實現多贏(ying)共(gong)贏(ying),最(zui)大限度(du)體(ti)現教(jiao)育(yu)、感化、挽(wan)救方(fang)針,更大程度(du)凸顯以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)人民為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)的(de)(de)司(si)法(fa)追求,最(zui)終實現司(si)法(fa)辦(ban)案(an)(an)(an)(an)“三個效(xiao)(xiao)果”有(you)機(ji)統一(yi),有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)未成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)年人保護社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)治理(li),推(tui)(tui)動形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)黨委(wei)領導(dao)、政府支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)、檢(jian)(jian)察監(jian)督、社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)協同、公眾參與(yu)的(de)(de)未成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)年人檢(jian)(jian)察工(gong)(gong)(gong)作社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)化支(zhi)(zhi)持(chi)體(ti)系(xi)。