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其實(shi)(shi)質要件(jian)為(wei)：(1) 行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)人具有相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)事(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)能(neng)(neng)力。(2) 行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)表示(shi)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)。民(min)(min)事(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)是以意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)表示(shi)為(wei)構成(cheng)要素的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)，因此(ci)，它要求行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)表示(shi)必須(xu)(xu)真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)，即(ji)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)表示(shi)須(xu)(xu)是自愿的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、意(yi)(yi)(yi)思(si)表示(shi)須(xu)(xu)是真(zhen)實(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。(3)內容(rong)合(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。民(min)(min)事(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)合(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)并非指必須(xu)(xu)要有法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)依(yi)(yi)據，而是指不(bu)(bu)違(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，即(ji)不(bu)(bu)違(wei)反法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強制性(xing)規(gui)范(fan)。不(bu)(bu)違(wei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)就是合(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。依(yi)(yi)據《合(he)(he)同(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》，違(wei)反法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)(lv)和(he)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強制性(xing)規(gui)定，合(he)(he)同(tong)無效。違(wei)反地方行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)和(he)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政規(gui)章不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)當然作為(wei)合(he)(he)同(tong)無效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依(yi)(yi)據。在身份法(fa)(fa)(fa)領(ling)域，行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)違(wei)背社會善良風(feng)俗。(4) 標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)須(xu)(xu)可能(neng)(neng)和(he)確(que)(que)定。標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可能(neng)(neng)是指民(min)(min)事(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可能(neng)(neng)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)。標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)，即(ji)民(min)(min)事(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)可能(neng)(neng)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，民(min)(min)事(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)不(bu)(bu)生效力。標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)確(que)(que)定，即(ji)標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是具體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、明確(que)(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，如大米、小麥可為(wei)確(que)(que)定，糧(liang)食則不(bu)(bu)確(que)(que)定。 其形(xing)式要(yao)件：在(zai)絕大多數情況下，民事法律行(xing)為(wei)只要(yao)具(ju)備實質要(yao)件就發(fa)生法律效(xiao)力(li)，但(dan)在(zai)某些特殊情況下，民事法律行(xing)為(wei)還須具(ju)備形(xing)式要(yao)件才發(fa)生效(xiao)力(li)。 ［難(nan)點(dian)辨(bian)析］第一，無(wu)(wu)(wu)民(min)事(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)力(li)(li)。其規則如下：（1）無(wu)(wu)(wu)民(min)事(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)接受報酬、贈(zeng)與、獎(jiang)勵的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)，該(gai)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)自(zi)始、當然有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)存在(zai)其監護(hu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)追認(ren)問題。（2）無(wu)(wu)(wu)民(min)事(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)所進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)細小民(min)事(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)。例(li)如，9歲(sui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)三年級學生，利用(yong)母(mu)親所給(gei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)零(ling)用(yong)錢到(dao)商場(chang)購買鉛筆、橡(xiang)皮的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。（3）無(wu)(wu)(wu)民(min)事(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)所進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)其他(ta)(ta)(ta)民(min)事(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)無(wu)(wu)(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)。其他(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)事(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，應(ying)由其監護(hu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)代理。在(zai)實務中(zhong)，其監護(hu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)對無(wu)(wu)(wu)民(min)事(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)其他(ta)(ta)(ta)民(min)事(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，予以追認(ren)也發生效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)力(li)(li)。例(li)如，9歲(sui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)小學生將(jiang)自(zi)己(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鋼筆送給(gei)同(tong)學作生日禮(li)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，經父母(mu)追認(ren)，就發生效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)力(li)(li)。問題是，我國(guo)《民(min)法(fa)通則》和《合同(tong)法(fa)》均(jun)未(wei)(wei)規定(ding)對無(wu)(wu)(wu)民(min)事(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)其監護(hu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)追認(ren)權問題。此(ci)處，監護(hu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)追認(ren)與監護(hu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)對限(xian)(xian)制行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)追認(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)，對限(xian)(xian)制行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)追認(ren)，是輔助行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，是使(shi)限(xian)(xian)制行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)力(li)(li)未(wei)(wei)定(ding)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)通過追認(ren)發生有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)力(li)(li)。而對無(wu)(wu)(wu)民(min)事(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)追認(ren)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)應(ying)視為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)輔助行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，而應(ying)視為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)代理行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，因為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)無(wu)(wu)(wu)民(min)事(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)其他(ta)(ta)(ta)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)具(ju)有(you)意思行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意義，其行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)性質(zhi)是無(wu)(wu)(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，而不(bu)(bu)(bu)是效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)力(li)(li)未(wei)(wei)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。 第二，限(xian)(xian)(xian)制(zhi)民(min)(min)事(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)效(xiao)(xiao)力(li)。其(qi)規(gui)則如下：（1）限(xian)(xian)(xian)制(zhi)民(min)(min)事(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)接受(shou)報酬、贈與(yu)(yu)(yu)、獎勵的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)有效(xiao)(xiao)；（2）限(xian)(xian)(xian)制(zhi)民(min)(min)事(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)所(suo)(suo)(suo)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)與(yu)(yu)(yu)其(qi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)相(xiang)適(shi)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)事(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)有效(xiao)(xiao)。這里所(suo)(suo)(suo)說的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)與(yu)(yu)(yu)其(qi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)相(xiang)適(shi)應(ying)，應(ying)根據行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性質(zhi)、交易數額(e)、與(yu)(yu)(yu)限(xian)(xian)(xian)制(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)生活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關聯程度等方面予(yu)以(yi)認定。（3）限(xian)(xian)(xian)制(zhi)民(min)(min)事(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)所(suo)(suo)(suo)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)與(yu)(yu)(yu)其(qi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)不(bu)(bu)相(xiang)適(shi)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合同行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)效(xiao)(xiao)力(li)未(wei)定。通常認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，限(xian)(xian)(xian)制(zhi)民(min)(min)事(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)所(suo)(suo)(suo)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)涉及(ji)(ji)不(bu)(bu)動產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)、涉及(ji)(ji)知(zhi)識產(chan)(chan)權的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，均認定為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)與(yu)(yu)(yu)其(qi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)不(bu)(bu)相(xiang)適(shi)應(ying)。（4）限(xian)(xian)(xian)制(zhi)民(min)(min)事(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)所(suo)(suo)(suo)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)與(yu)(yu)(yu)其(qi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)不(bu)(bu)相(xiang)適(shi)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單方行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)、身(shen)份行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)無效(xiao)(xiao)。例如，限(xian)(xian)(xian)制(zhi)民(min)(min)事(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)所(suo)(suo)(suo)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拋棄財產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)、遺(yi)囑行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)均不(bu)(bu)具有效(xiao)(xiao)力(li)。在此種(zhong)情(qing)況下，其(qi)監護人(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)不(bu)(bu)存(cun)在追認其(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)效(xiao)(xiao)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題，否(fou)則，不(bu)(bu)利于對未(wei)成(cheng)年(nian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)利益的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特別保護。 第三，注意登(deng)記生效的(de)民事(shi)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)。法定登(deng)記才能生效的(de)民事(shi)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)一般(ban)包括婚姻行(xing)為(wei)(wei)、收養行(xing)為(wei)(wei)、公司設(she)立行(xing)為(wei)(wei)等。 十六、無效民事行為 1. 無效民事(shi)行為的概(gai)念(nian) 無效民(min)事行為(wei)是指欠缺民(min)事法律行為(wei)的(de)有效要件，不(bu)發生(sheng)法律效力的(de)民(min)事行為(wei)。 無效的民事行(xing)為(wei)的含義是：(1) 自始無效，即從行(xing)為(wei)開始時就沒有(you)法律約束力(li)。(2) 當(dang)然無效(xiao)，不論(lun)當(dang)事人(ren)是(shi)否提出(chu)主(zhu)張，是(shi)否知道無效(xiao)的情況，也不論(lun)是(shi)否經(jing)過法(fa)院或(huo)仲(zhong)裁(cai)機構的確(que)(que)認(ren)(ren)，該民事行為都是(shi)無效(xiao)的。法(fa)院或(huo)仲(zhong)裁(cai)機構在訴(su)訟或(huo)仲(zhong)裁(cai)程序中的確(que)(que)認(ren)(ren)只(zhi)是(shi)對一個已(yi)經(jing)存(cun)在的事實加(jia)以(yi)確(que)(que)認(ren)(ren)而已(yi)。(3) 確(que)(que)定無效(xiao)，即從開始時就沒有(you)效(xiao)力(li)，以(yi)后任何事實都不能使之(zhi)有(you)效(xiao)。 無(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)事(shi)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)可(ke)分為(wei)(wei)全(quan)部(bu)無(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)事(shi)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)和(he)部(bu)分無(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)事(shi)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)。部(bu)分無(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)事(shi)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)是指民(min)(min)事(shi)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)一部(bu)分內容不(bu)具(ju)備民(min)(min)事(shi)法律行(xing)為(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)有效(xiao)(xiao)要件(jian)時(shi)，該(gai)部(bu)分民(min)(min)事(shi)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)不(bu)具(ju)有效(xiao)(xiao)力，不(bu)影響其他(ta)部(bu)分效(xiao)(xiao)力的(de)(de)(de)，其他(ta)部(bu)分仍具(ju)有效(xiao)(xiao)力。 2. 無效民事行為(wei)的種類(lei) 無(wu)效(xiao)民事行(xing)為可以區分為以下幾類(lei)： (1) 行(xing)(xing)為(wei)人不具有行(xing)(xing)為(wei)能(neng)(neng)力(li)的民事(shi)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)。無民事(shi)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)能(neng)(neng)力(li)人自(zi)己可以(yi)實施(shi)(shi)一定(ding)范圍內的民事(shi)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)，如純獲利益的行(xing)(xing)為(wei)和細(xi)小的行(xing)(xing)為(wei)。其他行(xing)(xing)為(wei)應(ying)(ying)由其法定(ding)代理人代理，他自(zi)己不能(neng)(neng)實施(shi)(shi)。無民事(shi)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)能(neng)(neng)力(li)人實施(shi)(shi)的依(yi)法不能(neng)(neng)實施(shi)(shi)的民事(shi)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)應(ying)(ying)為(wei)無效。 限制(zhi)民(min)事(shi)行(xing)為(wei)能力人(ren)(ren)實(shi)施(shi)的(de)(de)依法(fa)不(bu)(bu)能獨(du)立實(shi)施(shi)的(de)(de)民(min)事(shi)行(xing)為(wei)無效。限制(zhi)民(min)事(shi)行(xing)為(wei)能力人(ren)(ren)對于不(bu)(bu)能獨(du)立實(shi)施(shi)的(de)(de)行(xing)為(wei)，得到(dao)法(fa)定代理(li)人(ren)(ren)允許后實(shi)施(shi)的(de)(de)，為(wei)有效民(min)事(shi)行(xing)為(wei)；而未(wei)得到(dao)法(fa)定代理(li)人(ren)(ren)追(zhui)認的(de)(de)民(min)事(shi)行(xing)為(wei)為(wei)無效民(min)事(shi)行(xing)為(wei)；限制(zhi)民(min)事(shi)行(xing)為(wei)能力人(ren)(ren)實(shi)施(shi)的(de)(de)單(dan)方行(xing)為(wei)，不(bu)(bu)存在對相對人(ren)(ren)利益(yi)的(de)(de)保護問(wen)題，故應認定該(gai)民(min)事(shi)行(xing)為(wei)無效。 (2) 意思表示(shi)不(bu)自由且損(sun)(sun)害國(guo)(guo)家利(li)益的(de)(de)民事行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)。因受欺詐(zha)、脅(xie)迫(po)手段實施的(de)(de)合同(tong)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)，其結果損(sun)(sun)害國(guo)(guo)家利(li)益時，是無效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)民事行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)。這里(li)合同(tong)之所以無效(xiao)(xiao)，是因為(wei)(wei)損(sun)(sun)害了國(guo)(guo)家利(li)益，如果不(bu)損(sun)(sun)害國(guo)(guo)家利(li)益，僅僅是存在欺詐(zha)或(huo)者脅(xie)迫(po)，則不(bu)為(wei)(wei)無效(xiao)(xiao)合同(tong)，應為(wei)(wei)可撤(che)銷的(de)(de)合同(tong)，這是要(yao)特別予以注意的(de)(de)地方(fang)。 (3) 惡(e)意(yi)串通(tong)，損(sun)害(hai)國家(jia)、集體或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)第(di)三人(ren)利(li)益的(de)民(min)事(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)。這里所說(shuo)惡(e)意(yi)，是指當(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)存(cun)在(zai)有(you)目的(de)有(you)動機的(de)故意(yi)；所說(shuo)串通(tong)，是指當(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)之間存(cun)在(zai)通(tong)謀，應予特別注意(yi)的(de)是，雖(sui)然在(zai)學(xue)理上很多學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)，只有(you)惡(e)意(yi)串通(tong)損(sun)害(hai)國家(jia)利(li)益的(de)民(min)事(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)才無(wu)效(xiao)，損(sun)害(hai)集體利(li)益或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)第(di)三人(ren)利(li)益的(de)民(min)事(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)不應為(wei)(wei)(wei)無(wu)效(xiao)民(min)事(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)，而應為(wei)(wei)(wei)可撤銷的(de)民(min)事(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)，賦予權(quan)利(li)人(ren)以選(xuan)擇權(quan)，本書作者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)也持此(ci)種觀點(dian)。但是在(zai)司法考試當(dang)中，仍應采用無(wu)效(xiao)說(shuo)。 (4) 以(yi)合法(fa)形式掩(yan)蓋非法(fa)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)民事(shi)行為(wei)(wei)(wei)，包括為(wei)(wei)(wei)達到違(wei)(wei)法(fa)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)而實(shi)施偽裝的(de)(de)(de)(de)民事(shi)行為(wei)(wei)(wei)、為(wei)(wei)(wei)達到違(wei)(wei)法(fa)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)以(yi)一個偽裝的(de)(de)(de)(de)民事(shi)行為(wei)(wei)(wei)掩(yan)蓋另一真實(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)民事(shi)行為(wei)(wei)(wei)。 ［難點辨析］以(yi)合(he)法(fa)形(xing)式(shi)掩蓋非(fei)法(fa)目(mu)的(de)(de)的(de)(de)民(min)(min)事(shi)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)無效應(ying)如(ru)何理解。這里存在兩個民(min)(min)事(shi)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)：一是形(xing)式(shi)合(he)法(fa)而非(fei)真(zhen)意(yi)的(de)(de)民(min)(min)事(shi)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)；二是意(yi)思(si)(si)表示具(ju)有(you)真(zhen)意(yi)而內(nei)容違(wei)法(fa)的(de)(de)民(min)(min)事(shi)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)。形(xing)式(shi)合(he)法(fa)的(de)(de)民(min)(min)事(shi)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)因其非(fei)當事(shi)人真(zhen)實意(yi)思(si)(si)表示而不(bu)具(ju)有(you)效力；意(yi)思(si)(si)表示真(zhen)實而內(nei)容違(wei)法(fa)的(de)(de)民(min)(min)事(shi)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)當然無效。 （5） 損害(hai)社(she)會(hui)公(gong)共利(li)(li)益的(de)民事行為(wei)。這類行為(wei)包(bao)括(kuo)行為(wei)本身(shen)違反了社(she)會(hui)公(gong)共利(li)(li)益、限制他人或自己權利(li)(li)能力(li)或行為(wei)能力(li)的(de)行為(wei)，以及行為(wei)的(de)本身(shen)也許不損害(hai)社(she)會(hui)公(gong)共利(li)(li)益，但所(suo)附的(de)條件損害(hai)了社(she)會(hui)公(gong)共利(li)(li)益。 （6） 違(wei)反法(fa)律禁止規定(ding)或強(qiang)行(xing)規定(ding)的(de)民(min)事(shi)行(xing)為。在認定(ding)民(min)事(shi)行(xing)為是否違(wei)反法(fa)律的(de)禁止性規定(ding)或強(qiang)行(xing)性規定(ding)時(shi)，一般只需證明這(zhe)種(zhong)違(wei)法(fa)的(de)客觀事(shi)實即可，至于這(zhe)種(zhong)行(xing)為是出于行(xing)為人的(de)故意、過(guo)失或對法(fa)律的(de)無(wu)知以(yi)及行(xing)為人的(de)動機是否違(wei)法(fa)，在所不問。 (7) 標(biao)的(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)確定或自(zi)始客觀(guan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)民事(shi)行為。特別注(zhu)意(yi)，自(zi)始客觀(guan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)是指標(biao)的(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可能(neng)(neng)(neng)實(shi)現或者(zhe)根本不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)存(cun)在。如，買賣(mai)永動機的(de)(de)合同或者(zhe)買賣(mai)月(yue)球土地(di)的(de)(de)合同。嗣后(hou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，或者(zhe)主(zhu)觀(guan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)作為合同無效(xiao)的(de)(de)依據。如，房屋(wu)合同簽訂后(hou)，該房屋(wu)滅失，但該房屋(wu)買賣(mai)合同仍為有效(xiao)合同。 3. 民事行為被確認(ren)無效的法律后(hou)果 民(min)事(shi)行(xing)為被確認無效(xiao)以(yi)(yi)后，會發生以(yi)(yi)下法律(lv)后果(guo)(guo)：(1) 返(fan)(fan)還(huan)(huan)(huan)財產。如果(guo)(guo)一方(fang)(fang)(fang)取得(de)，取得(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)應(ying)返(fan)(fan)還(huan)(huan)(huan)給(gei)對(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)(fang)；如果(guo)(guo)雙方(fang)(fang)(fang)取得(de)，則(ze)(ze)雙方(fang)(fang)(fang)返(fan)(fan)還(huan)(huan)(huan)。至于返(fan)(fan)還(huan)(huan)(huan)財產的(de)范圍，以(yi)(yi)全部返(fan)(fan)還(huan)(huan)(huan)為原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)(ze)。對(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)(fang)給(gei)付的(de)財產，無論返(fan)(fan)還(huan)(huan)(huan)時(shi)是否(fou)(fou)存在(zai)，原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)(ze)上返(fan)(fan)還(huan)(huan)(huan)義務(wu)人必須按原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)數或原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)價返(fan)(fan)還(huan)(huan)(huan)。如果(guo)(guo)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)物(wu)存在(zai)，應(ying)以(yi)(yi)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)物(wu)返(fan)(fan)還(huan)(huan)(huan)，否(fou)(fou)則(ze)(ze)應(ying)作價償(chang)(chang)還(huan)(huan)(huan)。如果(guo)(guo)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)物(wu)有損壞，應(ying)予修復(fu)后返(fan)(fan)還(huan)(huan)(huan)，或付給(gei)相當的(de)補償(chang)(chang)。如果(guo)(guo)對(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)(fang)給(gei)付的(de)是金(jin)錢，除了(le)返(fan)(fan)還(huan)(huan)(huan)本金(jin)外，還(huan)(huan)(huan)應(ying)按銀行(xing)利率支付利息。如果(guo)(guo)對(dui)(dui)方(fang)(fang)(fang)給(gei)付的(de)是勞務(wu)、無形財產或者其他不能返(fan)(fan)還(huan)(huan)(huan)的(de)利益，則(ze)(ze)應(ying)折算為一定(ding)的(de)金(jin)錢予以(yi)(yi)償(chang)(chang)還(huan)(huan)(huan)。(2) 賠(pei)償損(sun)失。有(you)(you)(you)過錯的(de)當事(shi)人(ren)應當賠(pei)償對方(fang)(fang)的(de)損(sun)失。雙方(fang)(fang)有(you)(you)(you)過錯的(de)，則(ze)應各(ge)自承擔相應的(de)責任(ren)。(3) 收(shou)歸(gui)國(guo)(guo)家、集(ji)(ji)體所有(you)(you)(you)或(huo)返還(huan)第(di)三(san)人(ren)。雙方(fang)(fang)惡意串通，實施(shi)民事(shi)行為損(sun)害國(guo)(guo)家、集(ji)(ji)體或(huo)者(zhe)第(di)三(san)人(ren)利益的(de)，應當追繳雙方(fang)(fang)取(qu)(qu)得(de)的(de)財(cai)產，收(shou)歸(gui)國(guo)(guo)家、集(ji)(ji)體所有(you)(you)(you)或(huo)者(zhe)返還(huan)第(di)三(san)人(ren)。這(zhe)里(li)所說雙方(fang)(fang)取(qu)(qu)得(de)的(de)財(cai)產，應包(bao)括雙方(fang)(fang)當事(shi)人(ren)已經(jing)取(qu)(qu)得(de)或(huo)約定取(qu)(qu)得(de)的(de)財(cai)產。 [難點辨析]第一，無(wu)效(xiao)民(min)事行為的確認(ren)是否適(shi)(shi)用訴訟時(shi)效(xiao)的問(wen)題。在(zai)我國，無(wu)效(xiao)民(min)事行為的確認(ren)不適(shi)(shi)用訴訟時(shi)效(xiao)，但對于無(wu)效(xiao)民(min)事行為所(suo)產生(sheng)的返還原物(wu)請求(qiu)權(quan)、賠償(chang)損失請求(qiu)權(quan)則應(ying)適(shi)(shi)用訴訟時(shi)效(xiao)，該訴訟時(shi)效(xiao)應(ying)從(cong)確認(ren)無(wu)效(xiao)之日起計算 第二，人(ren)(ren)民(min)法(fa)院能(neng)否以職權主(zhu)動(dong)作(zuo)出(chu)(chu)無(wu)(wu)(wu)效(xiao)判(pan)(pan)決(jue)問題(ti)。如果(guo)當事(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)之間的合同無(wu)(wu)(wu)效(xiao)，但當事(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)主(zhu)張無(wu)(wu)(wu)效(xiao)，而主(zhu)張違(wei)約，人(ren)(ren)民(min)法(fa)院能(neng)否以職權主(zhu)動(dong)作(zuo)出(chu)(chu)無(wu)(wu)(wu)效(xiao)判(pan)(pan)決(jue)，存有疑義。依民(min)事(shi)(shi)訴訟(song)法(fa)“不(bu)(bu)告(gao)不(bu)(bu)理(li)”原(yuan)則，似乎人(ren)(ren)民(min)法(fa)院不(bu)(bu)能(neng)作(zuo)出(chu)(chu)無(wu)(wu)(wu)效(xiao)判(pan)(pan)決(jue)，但應當知道，民(min)事(shi)(shi)訴訟(song)法(fa)的“不(bu)(bu)告(gao)不(bu)(bu)理(li)”原(yuan)則是建立在私人(ren)(ren)利益(yi)的基(ji)礎上的，無(wu)(wu)(wu)效(xiao)涉(she)及公(gong)共(gong)利益(yi)和公(gong)共(gong)秩序問題(ti)，對此，應適用國家適度干(gan)預原(yuan)則，故(gu)人(ren)(ren)民(min)法(fa)院可依職權作(zuo)出(chu)(chu)無(wu)(wu)(wu)效(xiao)判(pan)(pan)決(jue)。 第(di)三，無效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)民事行為(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)補正。我國(guo)法(fa)律暫無規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)，依德國(guo)和日本法(fa)律規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)，無效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)民事行為(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)原因消失(shi)以后(hou)，經當事人承(cheng)認，在(zai)當事人之間(jian)(jian)成立一與無效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)行為(wei)(wei)內容(rong)相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)新行為(wei)(wei)。我國(guo)司法(fa)實(shi)踐并不(bu)強調當事人的(de)(de)(de)承(cheng)認要(yao)件(jian)，也不(bu)強調當事人之間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)行為(wei)(wei)為(wei)(wei)一新行為(wei)(wei)，無效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)原因消除以后(hou)，該行為(wei)(wei)或自始(shi)發生(sheng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)力(li)，或經當事人承(cheng)認發生(sheng)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)力(li)。如《關于審理(li)建(jian)設(she)工程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工合(he)(he)同(tong)糾紛(fen)案件(jian)適用法(fa)律問題的(de)(de)(de)解釋》第(di)5條(tiao)：“承(cheng)包人超越資(zi)質等級許(xu)可的(de)(de)(de)業務(wu)范圍簽訂(ding)建(jian)設(she)工程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工合(he)(he)同(tong)，在(zai)建(jian)設(she)工程(cheng)竣工前(qian)(qian)取得相(xiang)應資(zi)質等級，當事人請求按照無效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)合(he)(he)同(tong)處理(li)的(de)(de)(de)，不(bu)予(yu)支持(chi)。”再如《擔保法(fa)解釋》第(di)49條(tiao)：“以尚(shang)未辦理(li)權屬證書的(de)(de)(de)財產(chan)抵押的(de)(de)(de)，在(zai)第(di)一審法(fa)庭辯(bian)論終結前(qian)(qian)能夠提供權利(li)證書或者補辦登記(ji)手續(xu)的(de)(de)(de)，可以認定(ding)(ding)(ding)抵押有效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)。” 第四，無(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)民(min)(min)事行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)換(huan)。是指某種法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)在(zai)甲種法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)上，應為(wei)(wei)(wei)無(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)，但符(fu)合乙種法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)之有效(xiao)(xiao)要件(jian)，便確認其(qi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)乙種法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)并(bing)使之有效(xiao)(xiao)。無(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)民(min)(min)事行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)轉(zhuan)換(huan)的(de)(de)概念在(zai)我國現行(xing)(xing)(xing)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)上并(bing)無(wu)規定(ding)。但依(yi)照相關(guan)司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)實(shi)踐，采(cai)無(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)民(min)(min)事行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)之轉(zhuan)換(huan)的(de)(de)學說。通常情形(xing)包括：（1）根(gen)據物(wu)權法(fa)(fa)(fa)定(ding)原則，如不符(fu)合物(wu)權設定(ding)要件(jian)，但符(fu)合其(qi)他(ta)民(min)(min)事法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)有效(xiao)(xiao)要件(jian)的(de)(de)，可認定(ding)其(qi)他(ta)民(min)(min)事法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)發生效(xiao)(xiao)力(li)。（2）無(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)紀，可認定(ding)為(wei)(wei)(wei)商(shang)業代理。（3）遲到的(de)(de)承諾，視為(wei)(wei)(wei)新(xin)要約(yue)。 十(shi)七、可變更、可撤銷的(de)民(min)事(shi)行(xing)為 1. 可變更、可撤銷民事行為(wei)的概念和種類 可(ke)變(bian)更、可(ke)撤銷(xiao)的民(min)事(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)是(shi)指因行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)人(ren)意思表(biao)示不真實，法(fa)律賦予(yu)表(biao)意人(ren)撤銷(xiao)權的民(min)事(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)。這種(zhong)民(min)事(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)可(ke)以(yi)發(fa)生民(min)事(shi)(shi)法(fa)律行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)的效(xiao)力，但(dan)一經撤銷(xiao)則溯及(ji)到民(min)事(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)成(cheng)立時無效(xiao)；如果撤銷(xiao)權人(ren)未撤銷(xiao)或(huo)在1年內(nei)未行(xing)(xing)(xing)使撤銷(xiao)權，該民(min)事(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)為(wei)(wei)有效(xiao)的民(min)事(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)。 可變更、可撤銷民事行為可以分為以下幾類： (1) 因重大(da)誤解的民事(shi)行為(wei)。 (2) 顯(xian)失(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)的(de)民事行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。顯(xian)失(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)是指一方(fang)利用(yong)自己的(de)優勢地位(wei)或(huo)者利用(yong)對方(fang)沒有經驗，違反等(deng)價(jia)(jia)有償原則，使一方(fang)造成明顯(xian)不(bu)(bu)利的(de)民事行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。顯(xian)失(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)只適(shi)用(yong)于實(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)市場價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)的(de)財產(chan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，身(shen)份行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)存(cun)在顯(xian)失(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)。實(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)國家定(ding)價(jia)(jia)的(de)財產(chan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，也不(bu)(bu)適(shi)用(yong)顯(xian)失(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)。因為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)實(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)國家定(ding)價(jia)(jia)的(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)不(bu)(bu)存(cun)在公(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)不(bu)(bu)公(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)的(de)問(wen)題(ti)，只存(cun)在合(he)(he)法不(bu)(bu)合(he)(he)法的(de)問(wen)題(ti)。在實(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)市場價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)的(de)財產(chan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)，如果(guo)是通(tong)過(guo)(guo)拍賣(mai)(mai)取(qu)得(de)的(de)，也不(bu)(bu)存(cun)在顯(xian)失(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)問(wen)題(ti)，因為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)拍賣(mai)(mai)本身(shen)就(jiu)是一種公(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)的(de)競價(jia)(jia)機制(zhi)。如果(guo)是通(tong)過(guo)(guo)商店或(huo)交易所買(mai)賣(mai)(mai)方(fang)式取(qu)得(de)的(de)，也不(bu)(bu)存(cun)在顯(xian)失(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)問(wen)題(ti)。如果(guo)商店以假充(chong)真、以次充(chong)好，這(zhe)屬(shu)于欺詐問(wen)題(ti)，不(bu)(bu)屬(shu)于顯(xian)失(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)問(wen)題(ti)。如果(guo)商店標價(jia)(jia)錯誤，將高價(jia)(jia)物品(pin)標成低價(jia)(jia)，這(zhe)屬(shu)于重(zhong)大誤解問(wen)題(ti)，不(bu)(bu)屬(shu)于顯(xian)失(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)問(wen)題(ti)。顯(xian)失(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)的(de)認定(ding)，應以合(he)(he)同訂(ding)立時(shi)的(de)市場價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)標準，而不(bu)(bu)能(neng)以合(he)(he)同履行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)時(shi)的(de)市場價(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)標準。 [難點(dian)(dian)辨析(xi)]民間低價(jia)收購可以自由(you)流轉的(de)文物，是否應(ying)認(ren)定(ding)為(wei)(wei)顯(xian)失(shi)(shi)公(gong)平(ping)(ping)，對此，存在不(bu)同(tong)看(kan)法。一(yi)種觀點(dian)(dian)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)完全符合適用顯(xian)失(shi)(shi)公(gong)平(ping)(ping)的(de)條件，應(ying)認(ren)定(ding)為(wei)(wei)顯(xian)失(shi)(shi)公(gong)平(ping)(ping)；另一(yi)種觀點(dian)(dian)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)，該行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)根據交易習慣，不(bu)能認(ren)定(ding)為(wei)(wei)顯(xian)失(shi)(shi)公(gong)平(ping)(ping)。根據交易習慣，此種行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)因難以舉(ju)證，以不(bu)認(ren)定(ding)為(wei)(wei)顯(xian)失(shi)(shi)公(gong)平(ping)(ping)為(wei)(wei)宜。 (3) 受欺(qi)詐(zha)、受脅迫而實施的且非損(sun)害國家(jia)利益的民事(shi)行為(wei)。 （4）受脅迫(po)而實施(shi)的且非損害國家(jia)利益的民事行為。 (5) 乘人之危的合同行為。 2. 可變更、可撤(che)(che)銷(xiao)民事行為的撤(che)(che)銷(xiao) 可變(bian)更、可撤銷(xiao)民(min)事行(xing)為(wei)的當事人可以請求對該民(min)事行(xing)為(wei)予以變(bian)更或撤銷(xiao)：(1) 撤銷(xiao)權是權利人以其單方的意(yi)思表示變(bian)更或撤銷(xiao)已(yi)經(jing)成立的民(min)事行(xing)為(wei)的權利。 撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)(quan)在性質上屬于形成權(quan)(quan)。撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)(quan)人(ren)撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)民(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)思(si)表示須(xu)通知(zhi)相對人(ren)，但無須(xu)相對人(ren)同(tong)意(yi)，即能(neng)產(chan)生(sheng)撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)民(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)力。(2) 撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)生(sheng)須(xu)具(ju)備(bei)法律規(gui)定的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)由。撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)事(shi)(shi)由包括欺(qi)詐(zha)、脅(xie)迫(po)、乘人(ren)之(zhi)危、重大誤解和顯失公平。(3) 撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)。撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)(quan)人(ren)如(ru)欲變(bian)更(geng)或撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)可(ke)變(bian)更(geng)、可(ke)撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，可(ke)以依(yi)法向法院(yuan)或仲裁機構提出(chu)變(bian)更(geng)或撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)請求(qiu)(qiu)。(4) 享(xiang)有(you)撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)當事(shi)(shi)人(ren)自知(zhi)道或應當知(zhi)道撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)事(shi)(shi)由之(zhi)日起(qi)1年內沒有(you)行(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)，撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)(quan)消滅(mie)。(5) 撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)(quan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)的(de)(de)(de)法律后果。如(ru)撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)(quan)人(ren)請求(qiu)(qiu)撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)該民(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，法院(yuan)或仲裁機構查明請求(qiu)(qiu)人(ren)享(xiang)有(you)撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)(quan)后，應作出(chu)撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)裁決。民(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)經撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)后，其撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)力溯及(ji)于行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)開始時消滅(mie)。如(ru)撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)(quan)人(ren)請求(qiu)(qiu)法院(yuan)或仲裁機構變(bian)更(geng)民(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)內容，人(ren)民(min)(min)法院(yuan)或仲裁機構查明請求(qiu)(qiu)人(ren)享(xiang)有(you)撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)(quan)后，應作出(chu)變(bian)更(geng)的(de)(de)(de)裁決。(6) 民(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)不具(ju)有(you)對抗善意(yi)第三人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)力。如(ru)甲因受欺(qi)詐(zha)從丙處以高(gao)價購得(de)一(yi)枚鉆(zhan)戒(jie)，并贈與乙，后甲撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)了與丙之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)事(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，但甲不能(neng)據此撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)與乙之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)贈與行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)。 ［難(nan)點(dian)(dian)辨(bian)析］第(di)一(yi)(yi)，撤(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)的(de)歸(gui)屬問題。特(te)別(bie)注(zhu)(zhu)意《合同法(fa)》第(di)54條的(de)規定，在欺(qi)詐、脅迫、乘人(ren)(ren)之危的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)，只能(neng)由(you)(you)訂立合同時(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)受害人(ren)(ren)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有(you)(you)撤(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)，不能(neng)由(you)(you)欺(qi)詐人(ren)(ren)、脅迫人(ren)(ren)、乘人(ren)(ren)之危人(ren)(ren)行(xing)(xing)使撤(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)。注(zhu)(zhu)意，是(shi)(shi)訂立合同時(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)受害人(ren)(ren)而不是(shi)(shi)履行(xing)(xing)合同時(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)受害人(ren)(ren)，因(yin)為(wei)(wei)履行(xing)(xing)時(shi)(shi)(shi)誰是(shi)(shi)受害人(ren)(ren)很難(nan)說，可能(neng)欺(qi)詐人(ren)(ren)也(ye)會成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)受害人(ren)(ren)。在重大(da)誤(wu)(wu)(wu)解(jie)和(he)顯(xian)(xian)失公(gong)平的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)，是(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)受害人(ren)(ren)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有(you)(you)撤(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)還是(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)都相有(you)(you)撤(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)，這存有(you)(you)爭議(yi)，一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)觀點(dian)(dian)認為(wei)(wei)只能(neng)由(you)(you)受害人(ren)(ren)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有(you)(you)撤(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)，因(yin)為(wei)(wei)在重大(da)誤(wu)(wu)(wu)解(jie)的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)，總是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)當(dang)(dang)事人(ren)(ren)存在過(guo)失；在顯(xian)(xian)失公(gong)平的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)，一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)當(dang)(dang)事人(ren)(ren)還存在主觀上的(de)動機，故只能(neng)由(you)(you)受害人(ren)(ren)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有(you)(you)撤(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)。另一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)觀點(dian)(dian)認為(wei)(wei)，雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)均(jun)(jun)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有(you)(you)撤(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)，理由(you)(you)是(shi)(shi)在重大(da)誤(wu)(wu)(wu)解(jie)或顯(xian)(xian)失公(gong)平的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)，行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)沒有(you)(you)惡(e)意，只有(you)(you)錯誤(wu)(wu)(wu)，法(fa)律(lv)應當(dang)(dang)允許人(ren)(ren)改正錯誤(wu)(wu)(wu)，特(te)別(bie)是(shi)(shi)應當(dang)(dang)容忍人(ren)(ren)自覺(jue)地改正錯誤(wu)(wu)(wu)，即(ji)雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)均(jun)(jun)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有(you)(you)撤(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)。從我國《合同法(fa)》54條的(de)規定來看，雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)均(jun)(jun)享(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有(you)(you)撤(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)的(de)觀點(dian)(dian)似乎(hu)得到了印(yin)證。 第二，可(ke)撤銷民事行(xing)(xing)為(wei)與(yu)違(wei)約(yue)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)的區(qu)別問題。從(cong)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)的樣態上講，欺(qi)詐(zha)、脅迫、乘人(ren)之(zhi)危、顯(xian)失(shi)(shi)公平、重大誤解為(wei)可(ke)撤銷的民事行(xing)(xing)為(wei)，其(qi)他(ta)不(bu)(bu)履行(xing)(xing)合(he)同或者不(bu)(bu)適當履行(xing)(xing)合(he)同的行(xing)(xing)為(wei)則(ze)為(wei)違(wei)約(yue)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)。在(zai)合(he)同關系中，如(ru)果存在(zai)欺(qi)詐(zha)、脅迫、乘人(ren)之(zhi)危、重大誤解、顯(xian)失(shi)(shi)公平的情況(kuang)，行(xing)(xing)為(wei)人(ren)如(ru)果不(bu)(bu)行(xing)(xing)使撤銷權，則(ze)合(he)同繼續有(you)效，行(xing)(xing)為(wei)人(ren)可(ke)行(xing)(xing)使違(wei)約(yue)責任(ren)(ren)請求(qiu)權。如(ru)果行(xing)(xing)為(wei)人(ren)行(xing)(xing)使撤銷權，對所造成的損失(shi)(shi)，可(ke)請求(qiu)損害(hai)賠(pei)償，但該損害(hai)賠(pei)償請求(qiu)權不(bu)(bu)是違(wei)約(yue)責任(ren)(ren)請求(qiu)權，而是締約(yue)過失(shi)(shi)責任(ren)(ren)請求(qiu)權。 第(di)三(san)，撤銷(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)問題(ti)。權(quan)(quan)利(li)人行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)撤銷(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)(quan)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)必須采(cai)(cai)用(yong)訴(su)訟(song)(song)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)還是(shi)(shi)(shi)包括其他方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)，理(li)論上存(cun)有(you)爭(zheng)議。一(yi)(yi)種觀(guan)點(dian)認(ren)(ren)為(wei)，撤銷(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)應當(dang)(dang)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)訴(su)訟(song)(song)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，其理(li)由是(shi)(shi)(shi)撤銷(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)理(li)由是(shi)(shi)(shi)欺詐、脅迫、乘人之危和(he)顯失公平，而這些理(li)由是(shi)(shi)(shi)否能夠成(cheng)立，應由法(fa)院予以(yi)認(ren)(ren)定，采(cai)(cai)用(yong)訴(su)訟(song)(song)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)有(you)利(li)于維(wei)護民事行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)的(de)(de)嚴(yan)肅性(xing)(xing)。另一(yi)(yi)種觀(guan)點(dian)認(ren)(ren)為(wei)，撤銷(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)應是(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)自(zi)主方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)為(wei)主，即當(dang)(dang)事人可自(zi)主行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)，在自(zi)主行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)發生(sheng)爭(zheng)議的(de)(de)情況下，可采(cai)(cai)用(yong)訴(su)訟(song)(song)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)，這樣以(yi)利(li)于貫徹當(dang)(dang)事人的(de)(de)意思自(zi)治，同時(shi)也有(you)利(li)于節省(sheng)司法(fa)資源和(he)當(dang)(dang)事人權(quan)(quan)利(li)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)的(de)(de)成(cheng)本。當(dang)(dang)然，對于身份(fen)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)，如(ru)撤銷(xiao)(xiao)婚(hun)姻、撤銷(xiao)(xiao)收養，應當(dang)(dang)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)訴(su)訟(song)(song)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)以(yi)維(wei)護其嚴(yan)肅性(xing)(xing)。目前的(de)(de)主流(liu)觀(guan)點(dian)為(wei)第(di)二種觀(guan)點(dian)。 第四(si)，可(ke)(ke)撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)民事(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)與債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區別(bie)問題(ti)。（1）權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)利(li)(li)主(zhu)體(ti)不(bu)同。可(ke)(ke)撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)民事(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，其(qi)(qi)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)利(li)(li)主(zhu)體(ti)為行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)當(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)一方或(huo)雙方。債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)其(qi)(qi)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)利(li)(li)主(zhu)體(ti)為債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，不(bu)是(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)當(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。（2）撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)理(li)由不(bu)同。可(ke)(ke)撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)民事(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)理(li)由是(shi)：欺(qi)詐(zha)、脅迫(po)、乘人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之(zhi)危、重大誤解(jie)和顯失(shi)公平。債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)理(li)由是(shi)：債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)實施了減少自(zi)(zi)己責任(ren)財產且損害債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)利(li)(li)益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為。（3）權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)利(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方式(shi)不(bu)同。可(ke)(ke)撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)民事(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，其(qi)(qi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方式(shi)以自(zi)(zi)主(zhu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為主(zhu)，在發生爭議的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia)，才采(cai)用訴訟(song)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)；債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方式(shi)只(zhi)能是(shi)訴訟(song)方式(shi)。（4）權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)利(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)間(jian)(jian)不(bu)同。可(ke)(ke)撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)民事(shi)(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，自(zi)(zi)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)利(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知道(dao)(dao)或(huo)應(ying)當(dang)知道(dao)(dao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)利(li)(li)受(shou)到侵害之(zhi)日起(qi)1年(nian)內未(wei)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)消(xiao)滅，該(gai)1年(nian)為除斥期(qi)間(jian)(jian)。債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)除自(zi)(zi)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)利(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知道(dao)(dao)或(huo)者(zhe)應(ying)當(dang)知道(dao)(dao)其(qi)(qi)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)利(li)(li)受(shou)到侵害之(zhi)日起(qi)1年(nian)內未(wei)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而消(xiao)滅的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)以外，自(zi)(zi)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)務(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為發生之(zhi)日起(qi)5年(nian)內未(wei)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，撤(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)銷(xiao)(xiao)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)消(xiao)滅。該(gai)5年(nian)也為除斥期(qi)間(jian)(jian)。 第(di)五，人(ren)民法(fa)院對(dui)可(ke)(ke)撤(che)銷(xiao)的(de)(de)民事(shi)行為的(de)(de)判(pan)(pan)決(jue)(jue)問題(ti)。對(dui)可(ke)(ke)撤(che)銷(xiao)的(de)(de)民事(shi)行為，如果權利人(ren)只是向法(fa)院主張(zhang)變(bian)更(geng)，而未主張(zhang)撤(che)銷(xiao)的(de)(de)，人(ren)民法(fa)院只能(neng)作出(chu)變(bian)更(geng)的(de)(de)判(pan)(pan)決(jue)(jue)，不能(neng)作出(chu)撤(che)銷(xiao)的(de)(de)判(pan)(pan)決(jue)(jue)。如何權利人(ren)主張(zhang)變(bian)更(geng)的(de)(de)請(qing)求極不合理(li)，人(ren)民法(fa)院應依法(fa)作出(chu)合理(li)的(de)(de)變(bian)更(geng)判(pan)(pan)決(jue)(jue)。如果當事(shi)人(ren)主張(zhang)撤(che)銷(xiao)，但撤(che)銷(xiao)對(dui)雙方(fang)當事(shi)人(ren)均不合適(shi)，人(ren)民法(fa)院可(ke)(ke)酌情作出(chu)變(bian)更(geng)的(de)(de)判(pan)(pan)決(jue)(jue)。
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