當前位置：法律圖書館>>法治動態>>司考筆記>>2014司考國(guo)際私法：涉外(wai)合同(tong)的法律(lv)適用
2014司考國際私法：涉外合同的法律適用
//cciia.org.cn 2013-12-25 13:20:01 來(lai)源：
一、意(yi)思自治原則
（一）基本原則
《民法通則》第(di)145條第(di)1款：涉外合同的當事人可以選擇處(chu)理合同爭(zheng)議所(suo)適(shi)用的法律(lv)，法律(lv)另有規定的除(chu)外。
《涉外(wai)民事關系法(fa)(fa)律適(shi)用(yong)法(fa)(fa)》第41條：當事人(ren)可以協(xie)議選擇合同適(shi)用(yong)的法(fa)(fa)律。
（二）意思自治原則的例外
《合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)法》第(di)(di)126條第(di)(di)2款(kuan)：在中華人民共(gong)和國(guo)境內履行的中外合(he)(he)(he)資(zi)(zi)經(jing)營企(qi)業合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)、中外合(he)(he)(he)作(zuo)經(jing)營企(qi)業合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)、中外合(he)(he)(he)作(zuo)勘探開(kai)發自(zi)然(ran)資(zi)(zi)源合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)，適用中華人民共(gong)和國(guo)法律。
2007年最高(gao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民法(fa)(fa)院《關于審(shen)理涉(she)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)民事或(huo)商(shang)(shang)事合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)糾(jiu)紛案件法(fa)(fa)律(lv)適用(yong)若干問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)規定》第(di)8條：（1）中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)合(he)(he)(he)資(zi)(zi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)；（2）中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)合(he)(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)；（3）中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)合(he)(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)勘探、開發自然(ran)(ran)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)；（4）中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)合(he)(he)(he)資(zi)(zi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)合(he)(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)、外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)商(shang)(shang)獨資(zi)(zi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)股(gu)份轉讓(rang)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)；（5）外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)國(guo)(guo)自然(ran)(ran)人(ren)(ren)(ren)、法(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)其(qi)他(ta)(ta)組(zu)織承包經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)(hua)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民共和(he)國(guo)(guo)領域(yu)內(nei)設立的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)合(he)(he)(he)資(zi)(zi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)合(he)(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)經(jing)(jing)(jing)營(ying)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)；（6）外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)國(guo)(guo)自然(ran)(ran)人(ren)(ren)(ren)、法(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)其(qi)他(ta)(ta)組(zu)織購(gou)買(mai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)(hua)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民共和(he)國(guo)(guo)領域(yu)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)非(fei)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)商(shang)(shang)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)股(gu)東的(de)(de)(de)(de)股(gu)權的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)；（7）外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)國(guo)(guo)自然(ran)(ran)人(ren)(ren)(ren)、法(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)其(qi)他(ta)(ta)組(zu)織認購(gou)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)(hua)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民共和(he)國(guo)(guo)領域(yu)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)非(fei)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)商(shang)(shang)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)有限責任公(gong)司或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)股(gu)份有限公(gong)司增資(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)；（8）外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)國(guo)(guo)自然(ran)(ran)人(ren)(ren)(ren)、法(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)其(qi)他(ta)(ta)組(zu)織購(gou)買(mai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)(hua)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民共和(he)國(guo)(guo)領域(yu)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)非(fei)外(wai)(wai)(wai)(wai)商(shang)(shang)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)資(zi)(zi)產的(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)；（9）中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)(hua)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民共和(he)國(guo)(guo)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)、行政法(fa)(fa)規規定應適用(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)(hua)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民共和(he)國(guo)(guo)法(fa)(fa)律(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)其(qi)他(ta)(ta)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)。
二、最(zui)密切聯系原則
《涉外民事關系法律(lv)適(shi)用法》第(di)41條(tiao)：當事人可以(yi)協議選擇(ze)合(he)同(tong)適(shi)用的(de)法律(lv)。當事人沒有選擇(ze)的(de)，適(shi)用履行義務最(zui)能體現(xian)該合(he)同(tong)特征的(de)一(yi)方當事人經常居所(suo)地(di)法律(lv)或者其他與該合(he)同(tong)有最(zui)密切聯系的(de)法律(lv)。
2007年最高人民法院《關于(yu)審(shen)理涉外民事(shi)或商事(shi)合同糾(jiu)紛案件(jian)法律(lv)(lv)適(shi)(shi)用若(ruo)干問(wen)題的(de)規定》第5條：當(dang)事(shi)人未(wei)選擇(ze)合同爭議應適(shi)(shi)用的(de)法律(lv)(lv)的(de)，適(shi)(shi)用與合同有最密(mi)切聯系的(de)國家或者地(di)區的(de)法律(lv)(lv)。
人民法院根(gen)據最(zui)密(mi)切聯(lian)系原則確定合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)爭(zheng)議應(ying)適用(yong)的(de)法律時，應(ying)根(gen)據合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)特(te)殊性(xing)質(zhi)，以及某一方當事人履(lv)行的(de)義務(wu)最(zui)能體現合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)本質(zhi)特(te)性(xing)等(deng)因素(su)，確定與合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)有最(zui)密(mi)切聯(lian)系的(de)國家或(huo)者地區的(de)法律作為(wei)合(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)準據法。
（1）買賣(mai)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，適(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)訂立(li)時賣(mai)方(fang)住(zhu)(zhu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)；如果合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是在(zai)買方(fang)住(zhu)(zhu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)談判并(bing)訂立(li)的，或者合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)明(ming)確規定賣(mai)方(fang)須在(zai)買方(fang)住(zhu)(zhu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)履行(xing)(xing)交(jiao)貨義務(wu)的，適(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)買方(fang)住(zhu)(zhu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。（2）來(lai)料加(jia)工(gong)(gong)、來(lai)件(jian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)配以(yi)及其他各種(zhong)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)承攬合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，適(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)承攬人住(zhu)(zhu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。（3）成(cheng)套(tao)設(she)備供應(ying)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，適(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)設(she)備安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。（4）不動(dong)產買賣(mai)、租賃或者抵押合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，適(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)不動(dong)產所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)在(zai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。（5）動(dong)產租賃合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，適(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)出租人住(zhu)(zhu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。（6）動(dong)產質(zhi)押合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，適(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)質(zhi)權(quan)人住(zhu)(zhu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。（7）借款合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，適(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)貸(dai)款人住(zhu)(zhu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。（8）保(bao)險合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，適(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)保(bao)險人住(zhu)(zhu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。（9）融資租賃合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，適(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)承租人住(zhu)(zhu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。（10）建設(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，適(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)建設(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)在(zai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。（11）倉儲、保(bao)管(guan)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，適(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)倉儲、保(bao)管(guan)人住(zhu)(zhu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。（12）保(bao)證合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，適(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)保(bao)證人住(zhu)(zhu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。（13）委托合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，適(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)受(shou)托人住(zhu)(zhu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。（14）債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)券(quan)的發行(xing)(xing)、銷售和(he)轉讓合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，分別(bie)適(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)券(quan)發行(xing)(xing)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)、債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)券(quan)銷售地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)債(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)券(quan)轉讓地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。（15）拍(pai)賣(mai)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，適(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)拍(pai)賣(mai)舉行(xing)(xing)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。（16）行(xing)(xing)紀(ji)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，適(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)行(xing)(xing)紀(ji)人住(zhu)(zhu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。（17）居(ju)(ju)間合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，適(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)居(ju)(ju)間人住(zhu)(zhu)所(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。
如(ru)果上述合(he)同(tong)明顯與另一國家或者地區有更密切聯系的，適用該(gai)另一國家或者地區的法律。
三、特殊合同
《涉外民事關系法(fa)(fa)律(lv)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)法(fa)(fa)》第42條：消(xiao)費(fei)者(zhe)(zhe)合同，適(shi)用(yong)(yong)消(xiao)費(fei)者(zhe)(zhe)經常居所地法(fa)(fa)律(lv)；消(xiao)費(fei)者(zhe)(zhe)選擇(ze)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)商品、服務(wu)提(ti)供(gong)地法(fa)(fa)律(lv)或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)經營者(zhe)(zhe)在消(xiao)費(fei)者(zhe)(zhe)經常居所地沒(mei)有從事相關經營活動的，適(shi)用(yong)(yong)商品、服務(wu)提(ti)供(gong)地法(fa)(fa)律(lv)。
《涉外民事關系(xi)法律(lv)(lv)適(shi)(shi)用法》第(di)43條：勞動(dong)合同，適(shi)(shi)用勞動(dong)者工作(zuo)地法律(lv)(lv)；難以確(que)定勞動(dong)者工作(zuo)地的，適(shi)(shi)用用人(ren)單位(wei)主營(ying)業地法律(lv)(lv)。勞務派遣，可以適(shi)(shi)用勞務派出地法律(lv)(lv)。
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