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cciia.org.cn　 2020-2-28 7:30:11　 人民法院新(xin)聞傳媒總社

　　新(xin)冠肺炎(yan)疫情發生以(yi)來，各級人(ren)民(min)法院、人(ren)民(min)檢(jian)察院堅決(jue)貫徹落實黨中央決(jue)策部署和習(xi)近(jin)平總(zong)書記重(zhong)要講話精神(shen)，以(yi)高(gao)度的政治(zhi)自(zi)覺、法治(zhi)自(zi)覺，堅決(jue)把疫情防(fang)控作為當前壓倒一切(qie)的頭(tou)等大事(shi)來抓，依法辦理了一批妨害疫情防(fang)控刑事(shi)案件。近(jin)日，針對辦案中遇(yu)到的有(you)關法律適用問(wen)題，最高(gao)人(ren)民(min)法院研(yan)究(jiu)室(shi)主任(ren)姜啟(qi)波和最高(gao)人(ren)民(min)檢(jian)察院法律政策研(yan)究(jiu)室(shi)主任(ren)高(gao)景峰，接受(shou)了人(ren)民(min)法院報記者采訪。

　　問：在辦理妨害(hai)(hai)疫情防(fang)控犯罪(zui)(zui)案件(jian)時，如(ru)何準確適用以危險方法危害(hai)(hai)公共安全罪(zui)(zui)和妨害(hai)(hai)傳染病防(fang)治罪(zui)(zui)？

　　答：“兩高”、公(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)部、司法(fa)(fa)(fa)部《關于依(yi)(yi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)懲治(zhi)妨害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型冠(guan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)感(gan)(gan)染(ran)(ran)肺(fei)(fei)炎(yan)疫情(qing)(qing)防控違法(fa)(fa)(fa)犯罪(zui)(zui)(zui)的(de)(de)(de)意見》（以(yi)下稱《意見》）中規(gui)定(ding)：“故(gu)意傳(chuan)播(bo)(bo)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型冠(guan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)感(gan)(gan)染(ran)(ran)肺(fei)(fei)炎(yan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)原(yuan)體，具(ju)有(you)下列情(qing)(qing)形之一(yi)(yi)，危(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)，依(yi)(yi)照刑法(fa)(fa)(fa)第一(yi)(yi)百一(yi)(yi)十四條、第一(yi)(yi)百一(yi)(yi)十五條第一(yi)(yi)款的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)，以(yi)以(yi)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)危(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)全(quan)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)定(ding)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)處罰：1.已(yi)經確(que)(que)診(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型冠(guan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)感(gan)(gan)染(ran)(ran)肺(fei)(fei)炎(yan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)人(ren)、病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)原(yuan)攜帶者(zhe)(zhe)，拒(ju)絕(jue)(jue)隔(ge)離(li)治(zhi)療(liao)(liao)或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)隔(ge)離(li)期未滿擅自(zi)脫離(li)隔(ge)離(li)治(zhi)療(liao)(liao)，并進(jin)入(ru)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)場所(suo)或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)交通(tong)(tong)工(gong)具(ju)的(de)(de)(de)；2.新(xin)(xin)(xin)型冠(guan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)感(gan)(gan)染(ran)(ran)肺(fei)(fei)炎(yan)疑(yi)(yi)(yi)似病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)人(ren)拒(ju)絕(jue)(jue)隔(ge)離(li)治(zhi)療(liao)(liao)或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)隔(ge)離(li)期未滿擅自(zi)脫離(li)隔(ge)離(li)治(zhi)療(liao)(liao)，并進(jin)入(ru)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)場所(suo)或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)交通(tong)(tong)工(gong)具(ju)，造成新(xin)(xin)(xin)型冠(guan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)傳(chuan)播(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)。”根據這一(yi)(yi)規(gui)定(ding)，在辦理妨害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)疫情(qing)(qing)防控措施(shi)(shi)犯罪(zui)(zui)(zui)案(an)件適(shi)用(yong)以(yi)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)危(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)全(quan)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)時，應(ying)(ying)(ying)當注意把(ba)握以(yi)下三(san)個方(fang)(fang)面：一(yi)(yi)是主(zhu)(zhu)體上限于已(yi)確(que)(que)診(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)(xin)冠(guan)肺(fei)(fei)炎(yan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)人(ren)、病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)原(yuan)攜帶者(zhe)(zhe)，或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)新(xin)(xin)(xin)冠(guan)肺(fei)(fei)炎(yan)疑(yi)(yi)(yi)似病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)人(ren)；二(er)是主(zhu)(zhu)觀(guan)(guan)上具(ju)有(you)傳(chuan)播(bo)(bo)新(xin)(xin)(xin)冠(guan)肺(fei)(fei)炎(yan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)原(yuan)體的(de)(de)(de)故(gu)意；三(san)是客觀(guan)(guan)上表(biao)現(xian)為(wei)拒(ju)絕(jue)(jue)隔(ge)離(li)治(zhi)療(liao)(liao)或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)隔(ge)離(li)期未滿擅自(zi)脫離(li)隔(ge)離(li)治(zhi)療(liao)(liao)，實施(shi)(shi)了進(jin)入(ru)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)場所(suo)或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)交通(tong)(tong)工(gong)具(ju)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為(wei)，其中新(xin)(xin)(xin)冠(guan)肺(fei)(fei)炎(yan)疑(yi)(yi)(yi)似病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)人(ren)還要求造成新(xin)(xin)(xin)型冠(guan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)傳(chuan)播(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)后果。實踐中，適(shi)用(yong)以(yi)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)危(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)全(quan)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)應(ying)(ying)(ying)當依(yi)(yi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)從嚴把(ba)握。對于《意見》中規(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)兩種情(qing)(qing)形，應(ying)(ying)(ying)當適(shi)用(yong)以(yi)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)危(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)全(quan)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)。此(ci)外，對于明知自(zi)身已(yi)經確(que)(que)診(zhen)為(wei)新(xin)(xin)(xin)冠(guan)肺(fei)(fei)炎(yan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)人(ren)或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)疑(yi)(yi)(yi)似病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)人(ren)，出于報復社會等主(zhu)(zhu)觀(guan)(guan)故(gu)意，惡意向不特定(ding)多數(shu)人(ren)傳(chuan)播(bo)(bo)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)，后果嚴重(zhong)、情(qing)(qing)節惡劣(lie)的(de)(de)(de)，也應(ying)(ying)(ying)當適(shi)用(yong)以(yi)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)危(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)公(gong)(gong)共(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)全(quan)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)。對于其他拒(ju)絕(jue)(jue)執行(xing)疫情(qing)(qing)防控措施(shi)(shi)，引起(qi)新(xin)(xin)(xin)型冠(guan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)傳(chuan)播(bo)(bo)或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)有(you)傳(chuan)播(bo)(bo)嚴重(zhong)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為(wei)，依(yi)(yi)照刑法(fa)(fa)(fa)第三(san)百三(san)十條的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)，適(shi)用(yong)妨害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)傳(chuan)染(ran)(ran)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)防治(zhi)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)。

　　問：目前，對妨害(hai)(hai)疫情防控(kong)措施過失造成(cheng)傳(chuan)染病傳(chuan)播的行為(wei)，有的地方(fang)以(yi)過失以(yi)危險方(fang)法(fa)危害(hai)(hai)公共安(an)全罪(zui)(zui)立(li)案，有的地方(fang)以(yi)妨害(hai)(hai)傳(chuan)染病防治罪(zui)(zui)立(li)案，司法(fa)機關應當如何準確適用罪(zui)(zui)名？

　　答：2003年“兩高”《關于(yu)(yu)辦理(li)妨(fang)害(hai)(hai)(hai)預防(fang)、控制(zhi)突(tu)發(fa)(fa)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)染(ran)(ran)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)疫情等災害(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)刑事案(an)件(jian)具體(ti)應用(yong)(yong)法(fa)(fa)律若(ruo)干問題的(de)(de)解(jie)釋》沒有規(gui)定(ding)(ding)妨(fang)害(hai)(hai)(hai)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)染(ran)(ran)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罪(zui)的(de)(de)適(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)，而(er)是(shi)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)對于(yu)(yu)患有突(tu)發(fa)(fa)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)染(ran)(ran)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)或(huo)者(zhe)疑似突(tu)發(fa)(fa)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)染(ran)(ran)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)而(er)拒絕接受(shou)檢疫、強制(zhi)隔(ge)離(li)或(huo)者(zhe)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)療，過(guo)失造成(cheng)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)染(ran)(ran)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播，情節嚴重(zhong)，危(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)，按(an)照過(guo)失以危(wei)(wei)險方(fang)法(fa)(fa)危(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)罪(zui)定(ding)(ding)罪(zui)處罰。這主要是(shi)由于(yu)(yu)2003年原(yuan)衛(wei)生(sheng)部將“非典(dian)”列入法(fa)(fa)定(ding)(ding)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)染(ran)(ran)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)，但未明確為(wei)甲類(lei)(lei)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)染(ran)(ran)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)或(huo)者(zhe)按(an)照甲類(lei)(lei)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)染(ran)(ran)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)管理(li)，導致適(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)妨(fang)害(hai)(hai)(hai)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)染(ran)(ran)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罪(zui)存在障礙(ai)。此(ci)次疫情防(fang)控工作(zuo)中，國家衛(wei)健委經(jing)國務院批(pi)準發(fa)(fa)布2020年第1號(hao)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)告，已(yi)經(jing)明確將新型(xing)冠狀病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒感染(ran)(ran)肺炎納入傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)染(ran)(ran)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)乙(yi)類(lei)(lei)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)染(ran)(ran)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)，并采取甲類(lei)(lei)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)染(ran)(ran)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)預防(fang)、控制(zhi)措(cuo)施(shi)。為(wei)充分體(ti)現依法(fa)(fa)防(fang)控的(de)(de)要求(qiu)，《意(yi)見》出(chu)臺(tai)后，對于(yu)(yu)此(ci)類(lei)(lei)拒絕執行(xing)衛(wei)生(sheng)防(fang)疫機構等依照傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)染(ran)(ran)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)提出(chu)的(de)(de)預防(fang)、控制(zhi)措(cuo)施(shi)，造成(cheng)新冠肺炎傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播的(de)(de)行(xing)為(wei)，應當(dang)適(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)妨(fang)害(hai)(hai)(hai)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)染(ran)(ran)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罪(zui)。需要進一(yi)步指出(chu)的(de)(de)是(shi)，妨(fang)害(hai)(hai)(hai)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)染(ran)(ran)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罪(zui)危(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)衛(wei)生(sheng)，實際上也(ye)是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)危(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)行(xing)為(wei)，其與(yu)過(guo)失以危(wei)(wei)險方(fang)法(fa)(fa)危(wei)(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)共(gong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)罪(zui)，實際上是(shi)法(fa)(fa)條競(jing)合關系，應當(dang)按(an)照特(te)別法(fa)(fa)優(you)于(yu)(yu)一(yi)般法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)適(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)原(yuan)則，優(you)先適(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)妨(fang)害(hai)(hai)(hai)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)染(ran)(ran)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)罪(zui)。

　　問：如何認(ren)定(ding)“已(yi)經(jing)確(que)診的(de)(de)新(xin)冠(guan)肺(fei)炎(yan)病人(ren)(ren)”和“新(xin)冠(guan)肺(fei)炎(yan)疑似病人(ren)(ren)”？對行為人(ren)(ren)當時不清楚自身狀況，事后被(bei)確(que)定(ding)為新(xin)冠(guan)肺(fei)炎(yan)病人(ren)(ren)或者疑似病人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)，是否(fou)可以認(ren)定(ding)？

　　答：根(gen)(gen)據傳染(ran)(ran)(ran)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)防(fang)治法第(di)七十八條的(de)(de)規(gui)定，傳染(ran)(ran)(ran)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、疑似傳染(ran)(ran)(ran)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)是指根(gen)(gen)據國務院(yuan)衛生行(xing)政部(bu)門發布(bu)的(de)(de)《中華(hua)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民共和(he)國傳染(ran)(ran)(ran)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)防(fang)治法規(gui)定管理的(de)(de)傳染(ran)(ran)(ran)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)診(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)斷(duan)標準(zhun)》，符合傳染(ran)(ran)(ran)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)和(he)疑似傳染(ran)(ran)(ran)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)診(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)斷(duan)標準(zhun)的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)。目前(qian)，國家衛健委等(deng)部(bu)門已經印發《新(xin)(xin)(xin)型冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)狀(zhuang)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)毒肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)炎(yan)(yan)診(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)療方案》，明確了確診(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)例和(he)疑似病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)例的(de)(de)診(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)斷(duan)標準(zhun)。實踐(jian)中，對于“已經確診(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)的(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)(xin)冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)炎(yan)(yan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)”和(he)“新(xin)(xin)(xin)冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)炎(yan)(yan)疑似病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)”的(de)(de)認(ren)定，應(ying)當以(yi)醫療機構(gou)(gou)出(chu)(chu)具(ju)的(de)(de)診(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)斷(duan)結論、檢驗(yan)報(bao)告(gao)等(deng)為(wei)依據。對于行(xing)為(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)雖然出(chu)(chu)現發熱、干咳(ke)、乏力等(deng)某些新(xin)(xin)(xin)冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)炎(yan)(yan)感染(ran)(ran)(ran)癥(zheng)狀(zhuang)，但沒(mei)有醫療機構(gou)(gou)出(chu)(chu)具(ju)相關診(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)斷(duan)結論、檢驗(yan)報(bao)告(gao)的(de)(de)，不(bu)能(neng)認(ren)定為(wei)《意(yi)見(jian)》第(di)一條規(gui)定的(de)(de)“已經確診(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)的(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)(xin)冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)炎(yan)(yan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)”“新(xin)(xin)(xin)冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)炎(yan)(yan)疑似病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)”。辦案中，對于實施妨害(hai)疫情(qing)防(fang)控行(xing)為(wei)時尚未(wei)經醫療機構(gou)(gou)確診(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)為(wei)新(xin)(xin)(xin)冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)炎(yan)(yan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)或(huo)者疑似病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，但事后經診(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)斷(duan)、檢驗(yan)，被確認(ren)系(xi)新(xin)(xin)(xin)冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)炎(yan)(yan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)或(huo)者疑似病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)，不(bu)應(ying)適用《意(yi)見(jian)》關于確診(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)或(huo)者疑似病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)故意(yi)傳播新(xin)(xin)(xin)冠(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)肺(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)炎(yan)(yan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)原體構(gou)(gou)成有關犯罪的(de)(de)規(gui)定。

　　問：在(zai)辦案中(zhong)如何認(ren)定妨(fang)害傳染(ran)病(bing)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)罪中(zhong)的“違反傳染(ran)病(bing)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)法規(gui)定”和“衛生防(fang)疫(yi)機構依照傳染(ran)病(bing)防(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)法提出的預(yu)防(fang)、控制措施”？比如，有的地(di)方應急(ji)指揮部和地(di)方政(zheng)府依據突發事件應對法等(deng)規(gui)定發布的居家隔離(li)14天通告(gao)，是否可以認(ren)定？

　　答：刑法(fa)(fa)(fa)第(di)三(san)百三(san)十條(tiao)妨害(hai)傳(chuan)(chuan)染病(bing)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)罪中的(de)(de)(de)“違反(fan)傳(chuan)(chuan)染病(bing)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)”應(ying)當從廣義理(li)解。這里的(de)(de)(de)“傳(chuan)(chuan)染病(bing)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)”是一個關(guan)于傳(chuan)(chuan)染病(bing)防(fang)(fang)(fang)控(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)體系，包括傳(chuan)(chuan)染病(bing)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、突(tu)(tu)發(fa)事件(jian)(jian)應(ying)對(dui)(dui)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、突(tu)(tu)發(fa)公共衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)事件(jian)(jian)應(ying)急條(tiao)例等一系列與疫情(qing)(qing)防(fang)(fang)(fang)控(kong)(kong)有(you)(you)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)和(he)(he)國務院有(you)(you)關(guan)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)。我國傳(chuan)(chuan)染病(bing)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)明(ming)確了(le)各級政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)和(he)(he)有(you)(you)關(guan)部門(men)為(wei)預(yu)(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)、控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)和(he)(he)消除傳(chuan)(chuan)染病(bing)可以采(cai)取的(de)(de)(de)措施(shi)，是傳(chuan)(chuan)染病(bing)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)主要法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)依(yi)(yi)據(ju)之(zhi)一。同時(shi)，突(tu)(tu)發(fa)事件(jian)(jian)應(ying)對(dui)(dui)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、突(tu)(tu)發(fa)公共衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)事件(jian)(jian)應(ying)急條(tiao)例和(he)(he)國家突(tu)(tu)發(fa)公共衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)事件(jian)(jian)應(ying)急預(yu)(yu)(yu)案等法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)和(he)(he)規(gui)(gui)范性(xing)文(wen)件(jian)(jian)，明(ming)確了(le)各級政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)和(he)(he)有(you)(you)關(guan)部門(men)為(wei)應(ying)對(dui)(dui)突(tu)(tu)發(fa)公共衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)事件(jian)(jian)可以采(cai)取的(de)(de)(de)行政(zheng)(zheng)措施(shi)，也是突(tu)(tu)發(fa)傳(chuan)(chuan)染病(bing)防(fang)(fang)(fang)控(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)重要法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)依(yi)(yi)據(ju)和(he)(he)來(lai)源。因此，在辦理(li)妨害(hai)疫情(qing)(qing)防(fang)(fang)(fang)控(kong)(kong)案件(jian)(jian)時(shi)，上(shang)述法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)和(he)(he)規(gui)(gui)范性(xing)文(wen)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)均(jun)可作為(wei)認定(ding)(ding)妨害(hai)傳(chuan)(chuan)染病(bing)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)罪中“違反(fan)傳(chuan)(chuan)染病(bing)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)”的(de)(de)(de)依(yi)(yi)據(ju)。同時(shi)，對(dui)(dui)于地方政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)和(he)(he)有(you)(you)關(guan)部門(men)在疫情(qing)(qing)防(fang)(fang)(fang)控(kong)(kong)期(qi)間，依(yi)(yi)據(ju)上(shang)述法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)和(he)(he)規(gui)(gui)范性(xing)文(wen)件(jian)(jian)出臺(tai)的(de)(de)(de)疫情(qing)(qing)預(yu)(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)、控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)措施(shi)，如果法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)(lv)依(yi)(yi)據(ju)充分、無(wu)明(ming)顯不(bu)當，一般均(jun)可以認定(ding)(ding)為(wei)刑法(fa)(fa)(fa)第(di)三(san)百三(san)十條(tiao)第(di)一款第(di)四項中規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)“衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)防(fang)(fang)(fang)疫機(ji)構依(yi)(yi)照傳(chuan)(chuan)染病(bing)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)提出的(de)(de)(de)預(yu)(yu)(yu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)、控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)措施(shi)”。

　　需要注(zhu)意的是，行為人(ren)構成(cheng)刑法第三(san)百三(san)十條妨(fang)害傳(chuan)染病(bing)防治罪除有拒絕執(zhi)行防控(kong)(kong)措(cuo)施的行為外，還需要具有引(yin)起(qi)新冠肺炎(yan)病(bing)毒傳(chuan)播(bo)或(huo)者(zhe)有傳(chuan)播(bo)嚴重危險(xian)的情形。對于一般的違反防控(kong)(kong)措(cuo)施的行為，由公安機關(guan)根據(ju)治安管(guan)理處(chu)罰(fa)(fa)法予(yu)(yu)以治安管(guan)理處(chu)罰(fa)(fa)，或(huo)者(zhe)由有關(guan)部門予(yu)(yu)以其(qi)他行政處(chu)罰(fa)(fa)。

　　問：在辦案中(zhong)，如何認定妨害傳(chuan)染病防治(zhi)罪中(zhong)的“引起甲類(lei)傳(chuan)染病傳(chuan)播(bo)或者(zhe)有(you)傳(chuan)播(bo)嚴重危險(xian)”？

　　答：在辦理(li)妨害(hai)疫情防(fang)控案(an)件中，是(shi)(shi)(shi)否引(yin)起(qi)新(xin)冠肺炎(yan)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)有傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播嚴(yan)重危(wei)險，是(shi)(shi)(shi)認定(ding)妨害(hai)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)染(ran)病(bing)防(fang)治罪(zui)的重要(yao)條件。具(ju)體(ti)(ti)而言(yan)，需要(yao)結合案(an)件具(ju)體(ti)(ti)情況(kuang)(kuang)分(fen)析(xi)判斷(duan)，主要(yao)包括以下三個方面：一(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)從(cong)行為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主體(ti)(ti)看，行為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否系新(xin)冠肺炎(yan)確診(zhen)病(bing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、病(bing)原攜(xie)帶者(zhe)(zhe)、疑(yi)似(si)病(bing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)或(huo)其(qi)密(mi)(mi)切接(jie)觸(chu)者(zhe)(zhe)，或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)曾進(jin)出疫情高發地(di)區，或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)已(yi)出現新(xin)冠肺炎(yan)感染(ran)癥狀，或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)屬于其(qi)他(ta)高風險人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)群。二是(shi)(shi)(shi)從(cong)行為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)方式看，行為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否實(shi)施了拒(ju)絕疫情防(fang)控措施的行為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，比如(ru)拒(ju)不執行隔離(li)措施，瞞報(bao)謊(huang)報(bao)病(bing)情、旅行史(shi)、居(ju)住史(shi)、接(jie)觸(chu)史(shi)、行蹤軌跡(ji)，進(jin)入公共場所或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)公共交通工具(ju)，密(mi)(mi)切與多人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)接(jie)觸(chu)等。三是(shi)(shi)(shi)從(cong)行為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)危(wei)害(hai)后果(guo)看，根據案(an)件具(ju)體(ti)(ti)情況(kuang)(kuang)，綜合判斷(duan)行為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)造成(cheng)的危(wei)害(hai)后果(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否達到“引(yin)起(qi)甲類傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)染(ran)病(bing)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)有傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播嚴(yan)重危(wei)險”的程度(du)，如(ru)造成(cheng)多人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)被確診(zhen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)新(xin)冠肺炎(yan)病(bing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)多人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)被診(zhen)斷(duan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)疑(yi)似(si)病(bing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)等。實(shi)踐中，考(kao)慮(lv)到妨害(hai)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)染(ran)病(bing)防(fang)治罪(zui)是(shi)(shi)(shi)危(wei)害(hai)公共衛生(sheng)犯罪(zui)，因此對行為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)造成(cheng)共同(tong)生(sheng)活的家人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之間傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播、感染(ran)的，一(yi)般不應作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)犯罪(zui)處理(li)。

　　問：在辦案中對(dui)于以暴力、威(wei)脅方法(fa)拒絕配合參(can)與疫情防控的(de)村民、物(wu)業保安等實施的(de)檢測(ce)、隔離等行為的(de)，能否(fou)認定(ding)為妨害公(gong)務罪？

　　答：在(zai)辦理(li)妨(fang)害(hai)疫(yi)情(qing)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)控(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)妨(fang)害(hai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)務(wu)犯罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)案件(jian)時，重(zhong)點(dian)應當把(ba)(ba)(ba)握(wo)兩點(dian)：一是準(zhun)(zhun)確把(ba)(ba)(ba)握(wo)妨(fang)害(hai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)務(wu)犯罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)的(de)(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)象。《意見(jian)》根據(ju)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)人大(da)常委(wei)(wei)(wei)會相關(guan)立法解釋的(de)(de)(de)規定(ding)，進一步明確妨(fang)害(hai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)務(wu)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)的(de)(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)象除了(le)國(guo)(guo)家機(ji)關(guan)工作人員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)外，還(huan)包(bao)括(kuo)在(zai)依照法律、法規規定(ding)行(xing)使(shi)國(guo)(guo)家有(you)(you)關(guan)疫(yi)情(qing)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)控(kong)(kong)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)管理(li)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)權的(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織(zhi)中(zhong)從事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)人員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，在(zai)受(shou)國(guo)(guo)家機(ji)關(guan)委(wei)(wei)(wei)托代表國(guo)(guo)家機(ji)關(guan)行(xing)使(shi)疫(yi)情(qing)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)控(kong)(kong)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)權的(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織(zhi)中(zhong)從事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)人員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，以(yi)及雖未列入國(guo)(guo)家機(ji)關(guan)人員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)編(bian)制但在(zai)國(guo)(guo)家機(ji)關(guan)中(zhong)從事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)疫(yi)情(qing)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)控(kong)(kong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)人員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)等。因疫(yi)情(qing)具有(you)(you)突(tu)發性(xing)、廣(guang)泛(fan)性(xing)，為了(le)最大(da)限度防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)控(kong)(kong)疫(yi)情(qing)，各級政(zheng)(zheng)府和有(you)(you)關(guan)部門需要(yao)組(zu)織(zhi)動員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)居（村）委(wei)(wei)(wei)會、社(she)區等組(zu)織(zhi)落(luo)實(shi)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)控(kong)(kong)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)責，實(shi)施(shi)管控(kong)(kong)措施(shi)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于上述組(zu)織(zhi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)人員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，如果屬(shu)于“在(zai)受(shou)國(guo)(guo)家機(ji)關(guan)委(wei)(wei)(wei)托代表國(guo)(guo)家機(ji)關(guan)行(xing)使(shi)疫(yi)情(qing)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)控(kong)(kong)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)權的(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織(zhi)中(zhong)從事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)人員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”，可(ke)以(yi)成為妨(fang)害(hai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)務(wu)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)的(de)(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)象。二是準(zhun)(zhun)確把(ba)(ba)(ba)握(wo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)務(wu)行(xing)為的(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍。對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于依法從事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)疫(yi)情(qing)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)控(kong)(kong)任務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)人員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)為防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)控(kong)(kong)疫(yi)情(qing)，按(an)(an)政(zheng)(zheng)府和有(you)(you)關(guan)職(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能部門統一要(yao)求采取(qu)與防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)疫(yi)、檢(jian)疫(yi)、強(qiang)制隔離(li)、隔離(li)治療等措施(shi)密切相關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)動，均可(ke)認(ren)定(ding)為公(gong)(gong)(gong)務(wu)行(xing)為。對(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)于不(bu)符(fu)合上述兩個條件(jian)，被(bei)要(yao)求檢(jian)測、隔離(li)人以(yi)暴力、威(wei)脅方法阻礙疫(yi)情(qing)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)控(kong)(kong)工作不(bu)能認(ren)定(ding)妨(fang)害(hai)公(gong)(gong)(gong)務(wu)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)的(de)(de)(de)，可(ke)以(yi)根據(ju)其(qi)行(xing)為性(xing)質和危(wei)害(hai)后果，按(an)(an)照故(gu)意傷害(hai)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)、尋釁滋事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)、侮(wu)辱罪(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)等依法追究刑事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)責任。

　　問：在(zai)辦案中對于行為(wei)人傳播(bo)涉疫情虛假信息后又自行刪(shan)除的，能(neng)否作為(wei)犯罪(zui)處理？

　　答：對于行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)傳(chuan)播涉(she)疫情虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)假(jia)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)后又自行(xing)(xing)刪(shan)除是(shi)否(fou)(fou)(fou)構(gou)(gou)成(cheng)故(gu)意傳(chuan)播虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)假(jia)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)罪，需要區分(fen)情況(kuang)予以認定。關鍵(jian)要把握(wo)兩點(dian)：一是(shi)看行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)主觀上是(shi)否(fou)(fou)(fou)有(you)傳(chuan)播虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)假(jia)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)故(gu)意。對傳(chuan)播涉(she)疫情虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)假(jia)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)是(shi)否(fou)(fou)(fou)追究(jiu)刑(xing)事責(ze)任，要查明行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)是(shi)否(fou)(fou)(fou)明知(zhi)系疫情虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)假(jia)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)而(er)故(gu)意傳(chuan)播。要充分(fen)考慮傳(chuan)播者對有(you)關信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)內容認知(zhi)能力(li)水平，以及傳(chuan)播該虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)假(jia)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)具體情形(xing)，不能僅以有(you)關信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)與(yu)客觀現實有(you)出入，就認定為(wei)(wei)(wei)故(gu)意傳(chuan)播虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)假(jia)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)而(er)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)犯罪處(chu)理(li)。二是(shi)看行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)社會(hui)(hui)(hui)危(wei)害(hai)性大(da)小，是(shi)否(fou)(fou)(fou)達到嚴(yan)重擾亂社會(hui)(hui)(hui)秩(zhi)序的(de)(de)程度(du)。對故(gu)意傳(chuan)播涉(she)疫情的(de)(de)虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)假(jia)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)后又自行(xing)(xing)刪(shan)除，是(shi)否(fou)(fou)(fou)構(gou)(gou)罪不能一概(gai)而(er)論(lun)。要綜合(he)考慮虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)假(jia)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)傳(chuan)播面(mian)大(da)小、對社會(hui)(hui)(hui)秩(zhi)序造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)的(de)(de)實際影(ying)響等，不能簡單以是(shi)否(fou)(fou)(fou)“自行(xing)(xing)刪(shan)除”認定其可能造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)的(de)(de)危(wei)害(hai)。有(you)的(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)很長時間無(wu)人(ren)轉發，也沒有(you)人(ren)注意；有(you)的(de)(de)敏感信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)，被刪(shan)除前幾分(fen)鐘可能就廣泛(fan)傳(chuan)播，危(wei)害(hai)很大(da)。行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)自行(xing)(xing)及時刪(shan)除虛(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)假(jia)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)(xi)，如果沒有(you)造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)較大(da)社會(hui)(hui)(hui)影(ying)響，達不到嚴(yan)重擾亂社會(hui)(hui)(hui)秩(zhi)序程度(du)的(de)(de)，依(yi)法不予刑(xing)事追究(jiu)。

　　問：在辦案中(zhong)，適用(yong)(yong)生產(chan)、銷(xiao)售不符(fu)合標準的醫用(yong)(yong)器材(cai)罪時，對于外科醫用(yong)(yong)一次性口罩、酒精(jing)能否認(ren)定為“醫用(yong)(yong)器材(cai)”？

　　答：根據(ju)刑法第一百四十五條的(de)規定(ding)(ding)，生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)、銷售(shou)不符合標準的(de)醫(yi)用(yong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)材(cai)(cai)罪(zui)的(de)犯罪(zui)對象是(shi)醫(yi)用(yong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)材(cai)(cai)，包括(kuo)醫(yi)療(liao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)械(xie)和(he)醫(yi)用(yong)衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)材(cai)(cai)料。2001年根據(ju)國家行(xing)政主(zhu)管(guan)部(bu)門(men)的(de)有關規定(ding)(ding)，醫(yi)用(yong)衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)材(cai)(cai)料已(yi)被(bei)納入《醫(yi)療(liao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)械(xie)分(fen)類目錄(lu)》實行(xing)分(fen)類管(guan)理。據(ju)此，本罪(zui)規定(ding)(ding)的(de)醫(yi)療(liao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)械(xie)和(he)醫(yi)用(yong)衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)材(cai)(cai)料均屬于(yu)“醫(yi)療(liao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)械(xie)”的(de)范疇。

　　2017年修訂后的(de)(de)(de)醫(yi)療(liao)(liao)器(qi)(qi)械監督(du)管理(li)條例(li)第七十(shi)(shi)(shi)六條規(gui)(gui)定(ding)，醫(yi)療(liao)(liao)器(qi)(qi)械是(shi)指直接(jie)(jie)或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)間(jian)接(jie)(jie)用于(yu)(yu)人體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)儀器(qi)(qi)、設(she)備、器(qi)(qi)具(ju)、體(ti)外診斷試劑及校準(zhun)(zhun)物(wu)、材料以及其(qi)他(ta)類似或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)相關的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)品(pin)。對生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)、銷(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)(shou)不符(fu)合(he)標準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)醫(yi)用器(qi)(qi)材罪(zui)(zui)的(de)(de)(de)犯罪(zui)(zui)對象進行具(ju)體(ti)認定(ding)時，可以依(yi)據國家行政(zheng)主管部(bu)門發(fa)布的(de)(de)(de)《醫(yi)療(liao)(liao)器(qi)(qi)械分類目(mu)錄(lu)》進行認定(ding)。實踐(jian)中常見的(de)(de)(de)醫(yi)用防(fang)護口罩(zhao)、醫(yi)用外科口罩(zhao)、一次(ci)性(xing)使用醫(yi)用口罩(zhao)、防(fang)護服、防(fang)護眼鏡等均被列入醫(yi)療(liao)(liao)器(qi)(qi)械目(mu)錄(lu)，屬于(yu)(yu)醫(yi)療(liao)(liao)器(qi)(qi)械。對于(yu)(yu)沒有列入醫(yi)療(liao)(liao)器(qi)(qi)械目(mu)錄(lu)的(de)(de)(de)其(qi)他(ta)種類口罩(zhao)、酒精等物(wu)品(pin)，則不宜認定(ding)為醫(yi)療(liao)(liao)器(qi)(qi)械。需要(yao)注意的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，根據刑法和相關司法解(jie)釋規(gui)(gui)定(ding)，對于(yu)(yu)個別防(fang)護用品(pin)是(shi)否系(xi)醫(yi)用器(qi)(qi)材難以認定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)，如果摻雜摻假(jia)，以假(jia)充真，以次(ci)充好或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)以不合(he)格(ge)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)冒(mao)充合(he)格(ge)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)，銷(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)(shou)金額五萬(wan)元以上，或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)貨(huo)值金額十(shi)(shi)(shi)五萬(wan)以上的(de)(de)(de)，可以依(yi)照(zhao)刑法第一百四(si)十(shi)(shi)(shi)條的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)以生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)、銷(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)(shou)偽劣產(chan)(chan)品(pin)罪(zui)(zui)定(ding)罪(zui)(zui)處罰；對于(yu)(yu)高(gao)價銷(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)(shou)、牟取暴利，違法所(suo)得數額較大或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)有其(qi)他(ta)嚴重情(qing)節，嚴重擾亂市場秩序的(de)(de)(de)，也(ye)可以非法經(jing)營(ying)罪(zui)(zui)論處。

　　問(wen)：在辦(ban)案中(zhong)，認定生產、銷售不符合標(biao)準的醫用器(qi)材罪(zui)中(zhong)的“國家(jia)標(biao)準、行業(ye)標(biao)準”是否只包括強制性(xing)標(biao)準，如果沒(mei)有(you)強制性(xing)標(biao)準，只有(you)推薦性(xing)標(biao)準怎么辦(ban)？

　　答：生(sheng)產、銷售不符合(he)標準(zhun)的(de)醫(yi)用(yong)器(qi)材罪中(zhong)的(de)“國家標準(zhun)、行(xing)(xing)業(ye)標準(zhun)”，應(ying)當以有(you)利(li)于保(bao)障人體(ti)健(jian)康為(wei)出發點，刑(xing)(xing)法(fa)和(he)相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)司法(fa)解(jie)釋并未(wei)將其限(xian)定為(wei)強制性國家標準(zhun)、行(xing)(xing)業(ye)標準(zhun)。根(gen)據刑(xing)(xing)法(fa)和(he)2001年(nian)“兩(liang)高”《關(guan)(guan)于辦(ban)理生(sheng)產、銷售偽劣商品刑(xing)(xing)事案件具體(ti)應(ying)用(yong)法(fa)律若干問題(ti)的(de)解(jie)釋》、醫(yi)療器(qi)械(xie)監督管(guan)理條例(li)、醫(yi)療器(qi)械(xie)注冊管(guan)理辦(ban)法(fa)等規定精(jing)神，對于沒有(you)國家標準(zhun)、行(xing)(xing)業(ye)標準(zhun)的(de)，注冊產品標準(zhun)或者產品技術要求，可以視為(wei)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)標準(zhun)。

　　問：認(ren)定生(sheng)產、銷售不符合標準的醫用器材罪要(yao)求“足以(yi)嚴重危害人(ren)體健康”才構成犯(fan)罪，在辦案中應當如何把握？

　　答：“足以(yi)嚴(yan)重(zhong)危(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)人(ren)(ren)體健(jian)(jian)康”是(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)產(chan)、銷售不符合標(biao)準(zhun)的(de)醫(yi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)器材(cai)罪的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)入罪條件(jian)。根據2003年“兩高(gao)”《關于(yu)辦理妨害(hai)(hai)(hai)預防、控(kong)制(zhi)突發傳染病(bing)疫情等災(zai)害(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)刑(xing)事案件(jian)具體應用(yong)(yong)(yong)法(fa)律若干問題的(de)解(jie)釋》等規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)，在辦案中(zhong)審查認定(ding)(ding)(ding)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)“足以(yi)嚴(yan)重(zhong)危(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)人(ren)(ren)體健(jian)(jian)康”應當從是(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)具有防護、救治(zhi)功能，是(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)可能造(zao)成貽誤診治(zhi)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)可能造(zao)成人(ren)(ren)體嚴(yan)重(zhong)損傷，是(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)可能對人(ren)(ren)體健(jian)(jian)康造(zao)成嚴(yan)重(zhong)危(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)等方(fang)(fang)面，結合醫(yi)療器械的(de)功能、使用(yong)(yong)(yong)方(fang)(fang)式和適用(yong)(yong)(yong)范圍等，綜(zong)合判斷。需要(yao)注意(yi)的(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)，根據刑(xing)法(fa)和相關司(si)法(fa)解(jie)釋規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)，對于(yu)生(sheng)產(chan)、銷售不符合標(biao)準(zhun)的(de)醫(yi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)器材(cai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)否(fou)(fou)“足以(yi)嚴(yan)重(zhong)危(wei)害(hai)(hai)(hai)人(ren)(ren)體健(jian)(jian)康”難以(yi)認定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)，如果(guo)銷售金(jin)額(e)五萬元以(yi)上(shang)，或者貨值金(jin)額(e)十五萬以(yi)上(shang)的(de)，可以(yi)依照(zhao)(zhao)刑(xing)法(fa)第(di)一百四十條的(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)以(yi)生(sheng)產(chan)、銷售偽劣產(chan)品罪定(ding)(ding)(ding)罪處(chu)罰。此外，如果(guo)同時構(gou)成侵犯知識產(chan)權(quan)犯罪的(de)，依照(zhao)(zhao)處(chu)罰較重(zhong)的(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)定(ding)(ding)(ding)罪處(chu)罰。

　　問：在疫情防(fang)控期間，辦理哄抬(tai)物價類非法經營犯罪案件，應當從哪些方面準確把握？

　　答：在疫情(qing)防(fang)控(kong)期間，違反國家有關市場經營、價(jia)格管理等規定(ding)，囤積居奇，哄(hong)抬疫情(qing)防(fang)控(kong)急需的(de)口罩、護目鏡(jing)、防(fang)護服(fu)、消毒液等防(fang)護用(yong)品、藥品或(huo)者其他(ta)涉(she)及民生的(de)物品價(jia)格，牟(mou)取暴利，違法所得(de)數(shu)額較大或(huo)者有其他(ta)嚴(yan)重(zhong)情(qing)節(jie)，嚴(yan)重(zhong)擾亂市場秩序的(de)，應當以(yi)非法經營罪定(ding)罪處罰。在疫情(qing)防(fang)控(kong)期間，辦理哄(hong)抬物價(jia)類非法經營犯罪案(an)件(jian)時，應當注意從以(yi)下三個(ge)方面加(jia)以(yi)把(ba)握：

　　一是(shi)注(zhu)意把握“疫(yi)(yi)情(qing)防(fang)控(kong)(kong)期(qi)間(jian)(jian)”。2020年(nian)1月20日，國(guo)家衛健委經國(guo)務院(yuan)批準(zhun)發布(bu)2020年(nian)第(di)1號公(gong)(gong)告(gao)，將新型冠狀病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒感(gan)染的(de)肺炎納入(ru)傳染病(bing)(bing)(bing)防(fang)治(zhi)法規定的(de)乙(yi)類傳染病(bing)(bing)(bing)，并采取甲類傳染病(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)預防(fang)、控(kong)(kong)制措(cuo)施。疫(yi)(yi)情(qing)起始時(shi)間(jian)(jian)以該(gai)公(gong)(gong)告(gao)為(wei)準(zhun)，疫(yi)(yi)情(qing)結束的(de)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)屆時(shi)以國(guo)家有(you)關部門宣布(bu)疫(yi)(yi)情(qing)結束為(wei)準(zhun)。在疫(yi)(yi)情(qing)防(fang)控(kong)(kong)期(qi)間(jian)(jian)，哄抬物(wu)價行為(wei)具有(you)較平時(shi)更(geng)為(wei)嚴(yan)重的(de)社(she)會(hui)危害性，主要(yao)表現在：一是(shi)擾亂疫(yi)(yi)情(qing)防(fang)控(kong)(kong)急需物(wu)資和(he)基本民生用品的(de)統籌秩序(xu)，影(ying)響聯防(fang)聯控(kong)(kong)部署；二是(shi)制造或加劇恐慌性需求，破壞(huai)社(she)會(hui)秩序(xu)；三是(shi)推(tui)高防(fang)護成(cheng)本，導致(zhi)不特(te)定人群(qun)特(te)別是(shi)低收入(ru)群(qun)體防(fang)護不足。因(yin)此，根據罪(zui)責(ze)刑相適(shi)應原則(ze)，對(dui)于疫(yi)(yi)情(qing)防(fang)控(kong)(kong)期(qi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)此類行為(wei)應當依法從嚴(yan)懲處。

　　二是注意把握“防護用品(pin)(pin)(pin)、藥(yao)品(pin)(pin)(pin)或者其他涉及民(min)生(sheng)的(de)(de)物品(pin)(pin)(pin)”的(de)(de)范(fan)圍(wei)。根據《意見(jian)》和(he)國(guo)家市場(chang)監管(guan)總(zong)局《關(guan)于(yu)新型冠狀(zhuang)病毒(du)感染肺炎疫情防控(kong)期(qi)間查處哄抬價格違法行為的(de)(de)指導意見(jian)》的(de)(de)規定，防護用品(pin)(pin)(pin)、藥(yao)品(pin)(pin)(pin)主要是指口罩(zhao)、護目(mu)鏡、防護服(fu)、消毒(du)殺菌用品(pin)(pin)(pin)、抗病毒(du)藥(yao)品(pin)(pin)(pin)和(he)相(xiang)關(guan)醫療(liao)器械、器材(cai)等；民(min)生(sheng)物品(pin)(pin)(pin)主要是指人民(min)群(qun)眾(zhong)維(wei)持基本生(sheng)活所必需的(de)(de)糧油肉蛋菜(cai)奶等食品(pin)(pin)(pin)。需要注意的(de)(de)是，各地的(de)(de)防疫形勢和(he)市場(chang)供應情況不同，在價格敏感的(de)(de)物品(pin)(pin)(pin)上會有一定差別，各級政府和(he)有關(guan)部門對防疫用品(pin)(pin)(pin)和(he)民(min)生(sheng)物品(pin)(pin)(pin)范(fan)圍(wei)作(zuo)出(chu)具體(ti)規定的(de)(de)，可以結合本地具體(ti)情況作(zuo)出(chu)認定。

　　三是(shi)注意(yi)把(ba)握哄(hong)(hong)(hong)抬物價(jia)類非(fei)法(fa)(fa)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)犯(fan)(fan)罪(zui)(zui)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)。根據價(jia)格(ge)違(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)處(chu)罰規(gui)定(ding)第六(liu)條的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)，哄(hong)(hong)(hong)抬價(jia)格(ge)違(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)包括三種行(xing)(xing)為(wei)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)：一(yi)是(shi)捏造、散布漲價(jia)信息(xi)，擾亂(luan)市(shi)場價(jia)格(ge)秩序的(de)(de)(de)；二是(shi)除生產自(zi)用外，超出(chu)正常的(de)(de)(de)存儲數量或(huo)者存儲周期，大量囤(dun)積市(shi)場供應(ying)緊張(zhang)、價(jia)格(ge)發生異常波動的(de)(de)(de)商品(pin)，經(jing)(jing)價(jia)格(ge)主(zhu)管部門(men)告誡仍(reng)繼續(xu)囤(dun)積的(de)(de)(de)；三是(shi)利用其他(ta)手段哄(hong)(hong)(hong)抬價(jia)格(ge)，推動商品(pin)價(jia)格(ge)過(guo)快、過(guo)高上漲的(de)(de)(de)。2月初，國家(jia)市(shi)場監管總(zong)局(ju)出(chu)臺(tai)《關于(yu)新(xin)型冠狀病毒感染肺(fei)炎疫情(qing)防控期間(jian)查(cha)處(chu)哄(hong)(hong)(hong)抬價(jia)格(ge)違(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)的(de)(de)(de)指導意(yi)見》，對(dui)如何(he)認(ren)(ren)定(ding)查(cha)處(chu)上述哄(hong)(hong)(hong)抬價(jia)格(ge)違(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)作(zuo)了具體(ti)規(gui)定(ding)。實踐(jian)中，在認(ren)(ren)定(ding)哄(hong)(hong)(hong)抬價(jia)格(ge)類非(fei)法(fa)(fa)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)犯(fan)(fan)罪(zui)(zui)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)時，應(ying)當參照上述規(gui)定(ding)，同時綜合考慮(lv)本地疫情(qing)防控具體(ti)情(qing)況以(yi)及(ji)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)人的(de)(de)(de)實際經(jing)(jing)營(ying)狀況、主(zhu)觀惡性(xing)和行(xing)(xing)為(wei)社會危害性(xing)等因素(su)，判斷是(shi)否屬于(yu)“違(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)所得數額較大或(huo)者有(you)其他(ta)嚴重情(qing)節”，從而準(zhun)確(que)認(ren)(ren)定(ding)犯(fan)(fan)罪(zui)(zui)嫌疑人是(shi)否構(gou)成(cheng)非(fei)法(fa)(fa)經(jing)(jing)營(ying)罪(zui)(zui)。對(dui)于(yu)一(yi)般的(de)(de)(de)價(jia)格(ge)違(wei)(wei)法(fa)(fa)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)，可以(yi)由有(you)關部門(men)予以(yi)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)處(chu)罰。

日期：2020-2-28 7:30:11 | 關閉 |