cciia.org.cn 2024-6-13 14:08:21 人民法院報
開欄的話：
法(fa)(fa)(fa)答(da)網是最高人民法(fa)(fa)(fa)院為全國四(si)級法(fa)(fa)(fa)院干警(jing)提供(gong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)政策運(yun)用、審(shen)(shen)判業務咨詢答(da)疑(yi)和(he)學(xue)習(xi)交流(liu)服務的信息共(gong)享平臺。通過法(fa)(fa)(fa)答(da)網，法(fa)(fa)(fa)院干警(jing)可(ke)以(yi)就(jiu)審(shen)(shen)判工作(zuo)、學(xue)習(xi)和(he)研究(jiu)(jiu)中涉及的法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)適用、辦案程序和(he)司法(fa)(fa)(fa)政策等(deng)問題在(zai)線咨詢。答(da)疑(yi)專家須嚴格依據(ju)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)、司法(fa)(fa)(fa)解釋等(deng)規定(ding)，在(zai)規定(ding)時(shi)限(xian)內提出(chu)答(da)疑(yi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)見，并(bing)經相關(guan)業務部門負責人審(shen)(shen)核(he)同(tong)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)，以(yi)最大(da)限(xian)度保障答(da)疑(yi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)見準確、權(quan)威。咨詢僅針對法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)適用問題，不(bu)得涉及具(ju)體案件，答(da)疑(yi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)見僅供(gong)學(xue)習(xi)、研究(jiu)(jiu)和(he)參考使用。
法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)答(da)(da)(da)(da)網上線運行以來，咨詢(xun)答(da)(da)(da)(da)疑(yi)(yi)質量(liang)和平(ping)臺(tai)功(gong)能(neng)得(de)到進一(yi)步(bu)優(you)化，上下級法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)業(ye)務交流順暢(chang)高(gao)(gao)效(xiao)，困(kun)擾(rao)審判一(yi)線痛點難(nan)(nan)點問題得(de)到及時解決(jue)，“有問題，找法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)答(da)(da)(da)(da)”的(de)(de)理念已深入基(ji)層(ceng)一(yi)線，深入干警內心。為(wei)(wei)進一(yi)步(bu)滿足人民(min)群眾的(de)(de)多元司(si)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)需求，抓實“公正(zheng)與效(xiao)率(lv)”，最高(gao)(gao)人民(min)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)充分(fen)挖掘(jue)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)答(da)(da)(da)(da)網資(zi)源“富礦”，積極開展優(you)秀咨詢(xun)答(da)(da)(da)(da)疑(yi)(yi)評選工(gong)作，將具有典型(xing)性(xing)、前沿(yan)性(xing)或疑(yi)(yi)難(nan)(nan)復(fu)雜的(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)適(shi)用(yong)咨詢(xun)答(da)(da)(da)(da)疑(yi)(yi)通過人民(min)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)報等媒體平(ping)臺(tai)陸(lu)續發布(bu)，在(zai)更(geng)廣范圍更(geng)深層(ceng)次發揮法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)答(da)(da)(da)(da)網釋疑(yi)(yi)解惑交流、促進統一(yi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)適(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)效(xiao)用(yong)，向社會傳遞崇(chong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)風尚，弘揚法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治正(zheng)能(neng)量(liang)。為(wei)(wei)此，人民(min)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)院(yuan)報特開設“法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)答(da)(da)(da)(da)網精(jing)選答(da)(da)(da)(da)問”欄目，發布(bu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)答(da)(da)(da)(da)網精(jing)選咨詢(xun)答(da)(da)(da)(da)疑(yi)(yi)。敬請關注。
問題1：審理以壓縮氣體為動力的槍支犯罪案件，如何把握定罪量刑標準？
答疑意見：我國(guo)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)對“槍(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”有(you)明確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)和鑒(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)標(biao)準(zhun)。槍(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)管理法(fa)(fa)(fa)第四十(shi)六條(tiao)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)：“本法(fa)(fa)(fa)所稱槍(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，是(shi)指以(yi)火藥(yao)或(huo)者(zhe)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)縮(suo)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)等(deng)為動(dong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)，利(li)用(yong)(yong)管狀(zhuang)器(qi)具發(fa)射金(jin)屬(shu)彈(dan)丸或(huo)者(zhe)其他物(wu)質，足以(yi)致(zhi)人(ren)(ren)傷(shang)亡或(huo)者(zhe)喪失知(zhi)覺(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種槍(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”2010年《公安(an)機關(guan)(guan)涉(she)案(an)(an)槍(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)彈(dan)藥(yao)性能鑒(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)工(gong)作規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)》（公通(tong)字(zi)〔2010〕67號）明確(que)，對不能發(fa)射制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)式彈(dan)藥(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)非(fei)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)式槍(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，“槍(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)口比(bi)動(dong)能大(da)于等(deng)于1.8焦耳(er)/平方厘米時，一律認定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)為槍(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”。《公安(an)機關(guan)(guan)涉(she)案(an)(an)槍(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)彈(dan)藥(yao)鑒(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)工(gong)作規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)》（公通(tong)字(zi)〔2019〕30號）沿用(yong)(yong)上述標(biao)準(zhun)。上述有(you)關(guan)(guan)槍(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)標(biao)準(zhun)，對辦(ban)理以(yi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)縮(suo)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)為動(dong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)槍(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)犯(fan)(fan)罪案(an)(an)件，產生較(jiao)大(da)影(ying)響。特別(bie)是(shi)一些涉(she)以(yi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)縮(suo)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)為動(dong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)且槍(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)口比(bi)動(dong)能較(jiao)低的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)槍(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)案(an)(an)件，涉(she)案(an)(an)槍(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)致(zhi)傷(shang)力(li)(li)(li)(li)較(jiao)低，在(zai)決定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)是(shi)否(fou)追(zhui)究刑(xing)事責(ze)任以(yi)及裁(cai)量刑(xing)罰(fa)時唯槍(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)數(shu)量論，恐會有(you)悖一般公眾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認知(zhi)，也會違背罪責(ze)刑(xing)相適應原則。鑒(jian)此，最(zui)高人(ren)(ren)民(min)法(fa)(fa)(fa)院、最(zui)高人(ren)(ren)民(min)檢察院聯合發(fa)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《關(guan)(guan)于涉(she)以(yi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)縮(suo)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)為動(dong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)槍(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、氣(qi)(qi)槍(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)鉛彈(dan)刑(xing)事案(an)(an)件定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)罪量刑(xing)問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)批復》明確(que)：“對于非(fei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造、買(mai)賣(mai)、運輸(shu)、郵寄、儲存、持(chi)有(you)、私(si)(si)藏、走私(si)(si)以(yi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)縮(suo)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)為動(dong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)且槍(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)口比(bi)動(dong)能較(jiao)低的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)槍(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行為，在(zai)決定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)是(shi)否(fou)追(zhui)究刑(xing)事責(ze)任以(yi)及如何裁(cai)量刑(xing)罰(fa)時，不僅應當(dang)考(kao)慮涉(she)案(an)(an)槍(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)量，而且應當(dang)充分考(kao)慮涉(she)案(an)(an)槍(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外觀(guan)(guan)、材質、發(fa)射物(wu)、購(gou)買(mai)場所和渠道、價格、用(yong)(yong)途(tu)、致(zhi)傷(shang)力(li)(li)(li)(li)大(da)小、是(shi)否(fou)易于通(tong)過改制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)提升致(zhi)傷(shang)力(li)(li)(li)(li)，以(yi)及行為人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主觀(guan)(guan)認知(zhi)、動(dong)機目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、一貫表現、違法(fa)(fa)(fa)所得(de)、是(shi)否(fou)規(gui)(gui)避(bi)調查(cha)等(deng)情節，綜(zong)合評估社會危害性，堅持(chi)主客觀(guan)(guan)相統一，確(que)保(bao)罪責(ze)刑(xing)相適應。”據此，辦(ban)理涉(she)以(yi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)縮(suo)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)為動(dong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)且槍(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)口比(bi)動(dong)能較(jiao)低的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)槍(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)案(an)(an)件，可以(yi)根據上述批復的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)，不受《最(zui)高人(ren)(ren)民(min)法(fa)(fa)(fa)院關(guan)(guan)于審理非(fei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造、買(mai)賣(mai)、運輸(shu)槍(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、彈(dan)藥(yao)、爆炸物(wu)等(deng)刑(xing)事案(an)(an)件具體(ti)(ti)應用(yong)(yong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律若干問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解釋》（以(yi)下簡稱《解釋》）定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)罪量刑(xing)標(biao)準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限(xian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，綜(zong)合考(kao)量犯(fan)(fan)罪的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會危害性，依法(fa)(fa)(fa)妥(tuo)當(dang)處理。“劉(liu)某魁、孫某梅非(fei)法(fa)(fa)(fa)買(mai)賣(mai)槍(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)案(an)(an)”（案(an)(an)例庫(ku)入(ru)庫(ku)編號：2023-05-1-043-001）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)裁(cai)判要旨也體(ti)(ti)現了這一規(gui)(gui)則。當(dang)然(ran)，對于雖屬(shu)以(yi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)縮(suo)氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)為動(dong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)槍(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，但(dan)槍(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)口比(bi)動(dong)能較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，仍然(ran)應當(dang)適用(yong)(yong)《解釋》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)罪量刑(xing)標(biao)準(zhun)。
咨詢人：重慶市(shi)高級(ji)人民法院刑二庭(ting) 蔣佳蕓(yun)
答疑專(zhuan)家：最高人民法院研究室刑(xing)事處 王慶剛
問題2：用人單位與勞動者連續兩次訂立固定期限勞動合同，期滿后用人單位對續訂無固定期限勞動合同是否享有選擇權？
答疑意見：勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)十四條第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)款(kuan)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)：“用(yong)人單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)與(yu)(yu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)協商(shang)一(yi)致(zhi)，可(ke)以訂(ding)立(li)(li)無固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)限(xian)(xian)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。有(you)下列情(qing)(qing)形之一(yi)，勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)提出或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)意續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)訂(ding)、訂(ding)立(li)(li)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)，除(chu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)提出訂(ding)立(li)(li)固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)限(xian)(xian)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)外，應(ying)當(dang)訂(ding)立(li)(li)無固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)限(xian)(xian)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)：……（三）連(lian)續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)訂(ding)立(li)(li)二(er)次(ci)固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)限(xian)(xian)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，且(qie)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)沒(mei)有(you)本(ben)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三十九(jiu)條和(he)(he)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)四十條第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)項(xiang)、第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)項(xiang)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)的(de)情(qing)(qing)形，續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)訂(ding)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)。”根據該規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)，在(zai)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)存在(zai)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)三十九(jiu)條和(he)(he)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)四十條第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)項(xiang)、第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)項(xiang)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)的(de)用(yong)人單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)可(ke)以解(jie)除(chu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)情(qing)(qing)形下，如(ru)果(guo)用(yong)人單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)與(yu)(yu)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)訂(ding)立(li)(li)了(le)一(yi)次(ci)固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)限(xian)(xian)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，在(zai)訂(ding)立(li)(li)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)二(er)次(ci)固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)限(xian)(xian)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時，應(ying)當(dang)預見(jian)到期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)滿后存在(zai)訂(ding)立(li)(li)無固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)限(xian)(xian)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)可(ke)能。如(ru)果(guo)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)在(zai)固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)限(xian)(xian)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)間遵紀(ji)守法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，完成了(le)工(gong)作任務(wu)，可(ke)以依(yi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)與(yu)(yu)用(yong)人單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)訂(ding)無固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)限(xian)(xian)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，用(yong)人單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)也應(ying)當(dang)續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)訂(ding)，這有(you)利于(yu)引(yin)導勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)遵紀(ji)守法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)努力工(gong)作，也符(fu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)用(yong)人單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)的(de)利益。因此，在(zai)已(yi)具備(bei)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)十四條規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)的(de)應(ying)當(dang)訂(ding)立(li)(li)無固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)限(xian)(xian)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)條件的(de)情(qing)(qing)況下，勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)訂(ding)無固(gu)(gu)定(ding)(ding)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)限(xian)(xian)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)權利應(ying)予保障，如(ru)果(guo)用(yong)人單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)意續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)訂(ding)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，應(ying)當(dang)按(an)照勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)四十八(ba)條規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)承擔法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律后果(guo)，即“用(yong)人單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)違(wei)反本(ben)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)解(jie)除(chu)或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)終止勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)繼續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)履(lv)行(xing)(xing)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)，用(yong)人單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)應(ying)當(dang)繼續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)履(lv)行(xing)(xing)；勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)者(zhe)(zhe)不(bu)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)繼續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)履(lv)行(xing)(xing)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)勞(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)已(yi)經不(bu)能繼續(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)履(lv)行(xing)(xing)的(de)，用(yong)人單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)應(ying)當(dang)依(yi)照本(ben)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)八(ba)十七條規(gui)(gui)定(ding)(ding)支(zhi)付賠償金(jin)。”
此(ci)(ci)外還需注意的(de)是，勞動(dong)者在兩次固(gu)定(ding)(ding)勞動(dong)合(he)同(tong)期(qi)(qi)滿(man)后繼續在用(yong)人(ren)單(dan)位(wei)工(gong)(gong)作，用(yong)人(ren)單(dan)位(wei)未表(biao)示異(yi)議(yi)，但未與勞動(dong)者訂(ding)立無(wu)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)期(qi)(qi)限勞動(dong)合(he)同(tong)，勞動(dong)者主張用(yong)人(ren)單(dan)位(wei)支付未訂(ding)立無(wu)固(gu)定(ding)(ding)期(qi)(qi)限勞動(dong)合(he)同(tong)雙倍工(gong)(gong)資差額的(de)，應予支持。支付勞動(dong)者的(de)第二倍工(gong)(gong)資按月計(ji)(ji)算(suan)，不滿(man)一(yi)個月的(de)，按該月計(ji)(ji)薪日計(ji)(ji)算(suan)。此(ci)(ci)類(lei)爭(zheng)(zheng)議(yi)的(de)仲裁時效(xiao)期(qi)(qi)間(jian)適(shi)用(yong)勞動(dong)爭(zheng)(zheng)議(yi)調解仲裁法第二十七條第一(yi)款的(de)規定(ding)(ding)，從(cong)用(yong)人(ren)單(dan)位(wei)應當訂(ding)立勞動(dong)合(he)同(tong)的(de)次日起計(ji)(ji)算(suan)。
咨詢(xun)人(ren)：新疆(jiang)維吾爾(er)自治區高級人(ren)民法(fa)院審監三庭 劉心羽
答疑(yi)專家(jia)：最高人民(min)(min)法院(yuan)民(min)(min)一(yi)庭 張 艷
問題3：商標權糾紛案件中，法院在審查被告所提合法來源抗辯是否成立時應當把握何種標準？
答疑意見：合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)法(fa)來(lai)源抗(kang)(kang)(kang)辯(bian)是侵害商(shang)(shang)標權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)案件(jian)(jian)中(zhong)的(de)(de)常(chang)見抗(kang)(kang)(kang)辯(bian)事由(you)，商(shang)(shang)標法(fa)第六十四條第二款對(dui)(dui)(dui)此有相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)規定。司法(fa)實踐中(zhong)，判(pan)斷(duan)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)法(fa)來(lai)源抗(kang)(kang)(kang)辯(bian)是否成立(li)，應(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)(dang)從(cong)主、客觀(guan)(guan)兩方(fang)(fang)面(mian)進(jin)行(xing)審查(cha)。客觀(guan)(guan)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)須審查(cha)被(bei)訴(su)侵權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)商(shang)(shang)品是否由(you)銷(xiao)(xiao)售者(zhe)、使(shi)(shi)用(yong)者(zhe)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)法(fa)取得，主觀(guan)(guan)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)須審查(cha)銷(xiao)(xiao)售者(zhe)、使(shi)(shi)用(yong)者(zhe)是否不(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)或不(bu)應(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)(dang)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)被(bei)訴(su)侵權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)商(shang)(shang)品構成侵權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)。主、客觀(guan)(guan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)件(jian)(jian)相(xiang)(xiang)互聯(lian)系(xi)，不(bu)可分割，且客觀(guan)(guan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)審查(cha)對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)認定主觀(guan)(guan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)件(jian)(jian)是否成立(li)具有重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)意義(yi)。最高人民(min)法(fa)院曾在“納益其爾”商(shang)(shang)標侵權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)系(xi)列案中(zhong)【（2022）最高法(fa)民(min)再274、275、276、277、278號】明(ming)確了合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)法(fa)來(lai)源抗(kang)(kang)(kang)辯(bian)主客觀(guan)(guan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)件(jian)(jian)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)考量的(de)(de)因素(su)。具體而(er)言，對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)客觀(guan)(guan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)件(jian)(jian)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)審查(cha)，應(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)(dang)綜合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)考慮(lv)銷(xiao)(xiao)售者(zhe)所(suo)處的(de)(de)市場(chang)(chang)地(di)位(wei)、權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)利人維權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)成本以(yi)及市場(chang)(chang)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)習(xi)慣等因素(su)，對(dui)(dui)(dui)銷(xiao)(xiao)售者(zhe)的(de)(de)舉證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)責任作出合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)理(li)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求。對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)在市場(chang)(chang)經(jing)營(ying)活動中(zhong)處于(yu)較(jiao)弱地(di)位(wei)的(de)(de)個體零售經(jing)營(ying)者(zhe)，考慮(lv)到其通常(chang)采取的(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)式較(jiao)為(wei)靈活，專業程(cheng)度不(bu)高等因素(su)，不(bu)宜過于(yu)苛求其證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據形(xing)式要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)完備，只要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)其提(ti)(ti)供(gong)的(de)(de)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據符合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)一般交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)習(xi)慣，能夠指(zhi)明(ming)被(bei)訴(su)侵權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)商(shang)(shang)品供(gong)貨商(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)真實身份信息，以(yi)及系(xi)通過合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)法(fa)購貨渠道(dao)(dao)和合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)理(li)價(jia)格購入，就應(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)(dang)認為(wei)該銷(xiao)(xiao)售者(zhe)已經(jing)盡到舉證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)責任。對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)主觀(guan)(guan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)件(jian)(jian)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)審查(cha)，應(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)(dang)從(cong)審查(cha)被(bei)訴(su)侵權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)商(shang)(shang)品合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)法(fa)來(lai)源的(de)(de)證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據著手，結合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)銷(xiao)(xiao)售者(zhe)的(de)(de)經(jing)營(ying)規模(mo)、專業程(cheng)度、市場(chang)(chang)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)易(yi)(yi)習(xi)慣等進(jin)行(xing)綜合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)判(pan)斷(duan)。銷(xiao)(xiao)售者(zhe)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)的(de)(de)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)法(fa)來(lai)源證(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)據與其注意義(yi)務程(cheng)度相(xiang)(xiang)當(dang)(dang)(dang)的(de)(de)，可以(yi)推定其主觀(guan)(guan)上(shang)不(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)也不(bu)應(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)(dang)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)所(suo)銷(xiao)(xiao)售的(de)(de)系(xi)侵權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)商(shang)(shang)品。
咨詢人：北京市高(gao)級人民法院民三庭 姜(jiang)琨琨
答疑專家：最高人民法院民三庭(ting) 晏 景
問題4：承運人為貨主投保海上貨物運輸險，并告知保險人不得行使代位求償權即放棄向承運人追究貨損責任，此類保險合同是否有效？
答疑意見：如(ru)果雙方(fang)訂立的(de)(de)海上(shang)貨(huo)(huo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)運(yun)輸(shu)(shu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)本(ben)身(shen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)存(cun)在無效(xiao)、可撤(che)銷(xiao)等(deng)效(xiao)力問題，合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)約(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)得向投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)行使(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)償(chang)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，無論該(gai)條(tiao)款本(ben)身(shen)效(xiao)力如(ru)何，都不(bu)(bu)(bu)應(ying)影響保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)整體(ti)的(de)(de)效(xiao)力。至于(yu)當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在海上(shang)貨(huo)(huo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)運(yun)輸(shu)(shu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)約(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)得向投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)行使(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)償(chang)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)條(tiao)款，一(yi)(yi)般也應(ying)認為(wei)有效(xiao)。《最高人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)法(fa)(fa)(fa)院關于(yu)適用〈中(zhong)(zhong)華人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)共和國保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)〉若(ruo)干(gan)問題的(de)(de)解釋（四(si)）》第八(ba)條(tiao)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)：“投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)和被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)主體(ti)，因(yin)投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)對保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)標的(de)(de)的(de)(de)損(sun)害(hai)而造(zao)成(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事(shi)故，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)依(yi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)主張代(dai)(dai)(dai)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)行使(shi)(shi)被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)對投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)請(qing)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)賠償(chang)的(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)利的(de)(de)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)法(fa)(fa)(fa)院應(ying)予(yu)支(zhi)持，但法(fa)(fa)(fa)律另(ling)(ling)有規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)或(huo)者保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)另(ling)(ling)有約(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)除外。”法(fa)(fa)(fa)律上(shang)未(wei)禁止在財(cai)產保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)約(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)得向投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)行使(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)償(chang)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)。代(dai)(dai)(dai)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)償(chang)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)系保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)利，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)自愿放(fang)棄(qi)向投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)代(dai)(dai)(dai)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)償(chang)的(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)利，嗣后(hou)又違(wei)(wei)背誠信原則(ze)向投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)代(dai)(dai)(dai)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)償(chang)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)應(ying)支(zhi)持；另(ling)(ling)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)之所以(yi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)意放(fang)棄(qi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)償(chang)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，一(yi)(yi)般系出于(yu)商業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)利益考量(liang)(liang)，一(yi)(yi)些較大的(de)(de)貨(huo)(huo)運(yun)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)往往掌握有大量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)貨(huo)(huo)源即貨(huo)(huo)運(yun)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務來源，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)以(yi)放(fang)棄(qi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)償(chang)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)為(wei)代(dai)(dai)(dai)價換取大量(liang)(liang)穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務，系保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在精算基(ji)礎上(shang)所作的(de)(de)商業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)安排(pai)，互(hu)利共贏且不(bu)(bu)(bu)損(sun)害(hai)第三人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)利益，司法(fa)(fa)(fa)裁(cai)判應(ying)當(dang)尊重當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)意思自治(zhi)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護在實踐(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)形成(cheng)的(de)(de)、不(bu)(bu)(bu)違(wei)(wei)反法(fa)(fa)(fa)律強制性(xing)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)商業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)交易模式。如(ru)果保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)對于(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)放(fang)棄(qi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)償(chang)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)附有條(tiao)件(jian)，比(bi)如(ru)預約(yue)(yue)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)約(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)申(shen)報的(de)(de)貨(huo)(huo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)數量(liang)(liang)達到一(yi)(yi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)后(hou)，才有權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)要求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)放(fang)棄(qi)對投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)行使(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)償(chang)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)，投(tou)(tou)(tou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)對保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)行使(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)位(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)償(chang)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)抗(kang)辯，也要符合(he)(he)(he)(he)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)約(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)條(tiao)件(jian)。
另外，雖然在保(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)沒有(you)代(dai)位(wei)(wei)求償(chang)(chang)權(quan)的(de)(de)情況下，可(ke)(ke)能(neng)存在承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)運(yun)(yun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)與貨主聯合(he)騙保(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)道德風險(xian)問題，但該風險(xian)無(wu)論保(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)是否有(you)代(dai)位(wei)(wei)求償(chang)(chang)權(quan)都始(shi)終存在，歸根(gen)結底是屬于理賠(pei)(pei)中(zhong)的(de)(de)事故認定問題，故并非本問題所(suo)考慮(lv)的(de)(de)范疇，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)公(gong)司如發(fa)現不(bu)存在真實發(fa)生的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)事故，可(ke)(ke)以不(bu)予(yu)理賠(pei)(pei)。還(huan)有(you)觀點(dian)認為，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)預(yu)先放(fang)棄代(dai)位(wei)(wei)求償(chang)(chang)權(quan)可(ke)(ke)能(neng)導(dao)致承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)運(yun)(yun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)積極履行其謹慎管貨的(de)(de)義務(wu)。對(dui)(dui)此，個人(ren)(ren)(ren)認為，一方(fang)面(mian)貨主針對(dui)(dui)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)運(yun)(yun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)過錯造成的(de)(de)損失也(ye)可(ke)(ke)以選擇直接向(xiang)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)運(yun)(yun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)主張賠(pei)(pei)償(chang)(chang)，另一方(fang)面(mian)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)會根(gen)據(ju)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)運(yun)(yun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)業務(wu)履行情況考慮(lv)后續合(he)同(tong)簽訂和條(tiao)款約定，市場(chang)會平衡雙方(fang)利益，故不(bu)影響合(he)同(tong)中(zhong)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)自(zi)愿放(fang)棄行使代(dai)位(wei)(wei)求償(chang)(chang)權(quan)條(tiao)款的(de)(de)效力。
咨詢人：上海(hai)海(hai)事(shi)法院海(hai)商審判庭 謝振(zhen)銜(xian)
答疑專家(jia)：上海(hai)市高級人民(min)法(fa)院海(hai)事及海(hai)商審判庭 ; 金曉峰(feng)
日期：2024-6-13 14:08:21 | 關閉 |
Copyright © 1999-2021 法(fa)律圖(tu)書館
.
.
