cciia.org.cn 2023-6-21 10:57:25 人民法院報
日(ri)前，江蘇省南通市中(zhong)級人(ren)民法院對一起保(bao)險合同糾(jiu)紛案作出(chu)維持一審的(de)終審判(pan)決，判(pan)決對惡意追趕截停他人(ren)車輛發(fa)生損壞的(de)情形，保(bao)險公司不承擔賠償(chang)責任(ren)。
2022年5月12日，馬(ma)(ma)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)駕(jia)駛車(che)(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)時(shi)遇到同(tong)向(xiang)行(xing)駛的(de)(de)(de)邵某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)違規(gui)變(bian)道(dao)，二人(ren)(ren)(ren)發生口(kou)角(jiao)。后馬(ma)(ma)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)報警(jing)(jing)，接警(jing)(jing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員讓馬(ma)(ma)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)記(ji)住對(dui)方的(de)(de)(de)車(che)(che)(che)牌號等候處理(li)。馬(ma)(ma)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)邵某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)一(yi)(yi)同(tong)前(qian)往(wang)派出所(suo)未果(guo)(guo)。于是(shi)，馬(ma)(ma)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)一(yi)(yi)怒之下(xia)在(zai)(zai)(zai)公(gong)共道(dao)路(lu)(lu)上追趕截(jie)停邵某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)車(che)(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)。當(dang)邵某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)路(lu)(lu)口(kou)調頭時(shi)，馬(ma)(ma)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)欲駕(jia)車(che)(che)(che)擋在(zai)(zai)(zai)邵某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)車(che)(che)(che)前(qian)，但因操作(zuo)不當(dang)、路(lu)(lu)面濕滑(hua)等原(yuan)因，馬(ma)(ma)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)所(suo)駕(jia)車(che)(che)(che)右(you)前(qian)部與(yu)邵某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)所(suo)駕(jia)車(che)(che)(che)左前(qian)部碰(peng)撞(zhuang)，兩車(che)(che)(che)損(sun)(sun)壞，共造(zao)(zao)成財產(chan)損(sun)(sun)失(shi)15萬(wan)余元(yuan)。經(jing)交(jiao)警(jing)(jing)認定，馬(ma)(ma)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)負(fu)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)全部責(ze)(ze)任，而其所(suo)駕(jia)駛車(che)(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)南通某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)宇公(gong)司(si)(si)所(suo)有。該車(che)(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)了機(ji)動(dong)車(che)(che)(che)交(jiao)通事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)責(ze)(ze)任強(qiang)制(zhi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和機(ji)動(dong)車(che)(che)(che)商業(ye)(ye)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，其中(zhong)機(ji)動(dong)車(che)(che)(che)損(sun)(sun)失(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)金額(e)為(wei)(wei)(wei)37萬(wan)余元(yuan)，第(di)(di)三者責(ze)(ze)任險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)金額(e)為(wei)(wei)(wei)300萬(wan)元(yuan)，同(tong)時(shi)該事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)發生在(zai)(zai)(zai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)期間內。后某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)宇公(gong)司(si)(si)按保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)約(yue)定要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司(si)(si)賠(pei)償(chang)損(sun)(sun)失(shi)。2022年6月，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司(si)(si)作(zuo)出《拒賠(pei)通知(zhi)書(shu)》，其中(zhong)載(zai)明(ming)，當(dang)事(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)(zai)明(ming)知(zhi)會造(zao)(zao)成嚴重后果(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia)仍然(ran)(ran)(ran)在(zai)(zai)(zai)城市(shi)道(dao)路(lu)(lu)上追逐、攔截(jie)的(de)(de)(de)危(wei)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)，不屬于保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)約(yue)定的(de)(de)(de)“自(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)災害、意外事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)”的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)責(ze)(ze)任。且根據《中(zhong)國保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)協會機(ji)動(dong)車(che)(che)(che)綜合商業(ye)(ye)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)示范條(tiao)款(kuan)（2020版）》第(di)(di)十條(tiao)第(di)(di)四款(kuan)，第(di)(di)二十三條(tiao)第(di)(di)二款(kuan)責(ze)(ze)任免除“投保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)、被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)或(huo)駕(jia)駛人(ren)(ren)(ren)故(gu)(gu)意制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)”為(wei)(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)除外責(ze)(ze)任，故(gu)(gu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司(si)(si)不負(fu)賠(pei)償(chang)責(ze)(ze)任。某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)宇公(gong)司(si)(si)向(xiang)南通市(shi)崇川區人(ren)(ren)(ren)民法(fa)院提起訴(su)訟(song)，請(qing)求(qiu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司(si)(si)支(zhi)付財產(chan)損(sun)(sun)失(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)理(li)賠(pei)款(kuan)15萬(wan)余元(yuan)并承擔(dan)本案訴(su)訟(song)費用。訴(su)訟(song)過程中(zhong)，雙方均確認馬(ma)(ma)某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)與(yu)邵某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)2022年5月12日發生糾紛(fen)時(shi)，雖然(ran)(ran)(ran)事(shi)(shi)出同(tong)方向(xiang)行(xing)使的(de)(de)(de)邵某(mou)(mou)(mou)(mou)忽然(ran)(ran)(ran)違規(gui)變(bian)道(dao)，但當(dang)時(shi)二人(ren)(ren)(ren)車(che)(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)并未發生碰(peng)撞(zhuang)。
一審法院審理后認為(wei)，馬(ma)某作為(wei)機動車(che)駕駛人，對在下班高峰期，且雨(yu)天路滑、變更(geng)車(che)道和(he)追趕截(jie)停所(suo)蘊(yun)藏的(de)潛在風險(xian)，應有明確的(de)預知(zhi)。根據事故(gu)當(dang)時兩(liang)車(che)的(de)行車(che)軌跡及雙方的(de)相對車(che)速和(he)濕滑路況，馬(ma)某應當(dang)知(zhi)道其攔截(jie)行為(wei)將不可避免(mian)地發生(sheng)(sheng)兩(liang)車(che)碰(peng)撞的(de)結(jie)(jie)果，但(dan)主(zhu)觀上仍放任(ren)該結(jie)(jie)果的(de)發生(sheng)(sheng)，屬于間接故(gu)意(yi)。因此發生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)交通事故(gu)，不屬于保險(xian)合(he)同(tong)約(yue)定的(de)自然(ran)災(zai)害(hai)或意(yi)外事故(gu)，故(gu)判決保險(xian)公(gong)司(si)(si)不承擔賠償責任(ren)。某宇公(gong)司(si)(si)不服(fu)，向二審法院提(ti)起(qi)上訴。
本案爭議焦(jiao)點為(wei)(wei)(wei)，涉案事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)是(shi)否屬于保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)條款(kuan)(kuan)約(yue)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)范圍，保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公司是(shi)否應承(cheng)擔(dan)理賠責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)。南通中(zhong)(zhong)院審理后(hou)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)，本案所(suo)(suo)涉保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)條款(kuan)(kuan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)《中(zhong)(zhong)國保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)行業協會(hui)機(ji)動車綜(zong)合商業保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)示(shi)范條款(kuan)(kuan)（2020版）》，對(dui)(dui)機(ji)動車損失(shi)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)約(yue)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)范圍為(wei)(wei)(wei)自(zi)然災害和(he)意外(wai)(wai)(wai)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)，對(dui)(dui)第三者責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)約(yue)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)范圍為(wei)(wei)(wei)意外(wai)(wai)(wai)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)。因此，認定(ding)(ding)涉案交通事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)是(shi)否屬于保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)條款(kuan)(kuan)約(yue)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)意外(wai)(wai)(wai)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)，是(shi)確定(ding)(ding)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公司是(shi)否承(cheng)擔(dan)保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)前提。該保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)條款(kuan)(kuan)對(dui)(dui)意外(wai)(wai)(wai)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)的(de)(de)釋義為(wei)(wei)(wei)“被保(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)不可(ke)預(yu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)、無(wu)法(fa)控制(zhi)的(de)(de)突發性事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)件”，故(gu)構成(cheng)意外(wai)(wai)(wai)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)應具備“不可(ke)預(yu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)”和(he)“無(wu)法(fa)控制(zhi)”的(de)(de)特點，不可(ke)預(yu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)是(shi)指事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)件應當(dang)是(shi)意料(liao)(liao)(liao)之外(wai)(wai)(wai)，超出預(yu)想范疇；無(wu)法(fa)控制(zhi)是(shi)指非人(ren)(ren)力所(suo)(suo)能控制(zhi)，如事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)是(shi)人(ren)(ren)力可(ke)控或(huo)受人(ren)(ren)力控制(zhi)造(zao)成(cheng)，則不構成(cheng)意外(wai)(wai)(wai)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)故(gu)。
南通(tong)中院審理后認為，結合本案交通(tong)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)，根據交通(tong)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)責(ze)任認定書及馬某陳述(shu)，馬某作為車(che)輛駕駛人，在(zai)車(che)流、人流較(jiao)多的下班高峰以及雨天路滑狀(zhuang)況下，一路追逐攔(lan)截他人車(che)輛。馬某本應預(yu)見到存(cun)在(zai)發生交通(tong)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)的風(feng)險(xian)(xian)，但仍(reng)將保險(xian)(xian)標的物即車(che)輛置于不必(bi)要的危險(xian)(xian)狀(zhuang)態下，造(zao)成事(shi)(shi)故(gu)的原因與馬某的追逐攔(lan)截行(xing)為直(zhi)接相關，故(gu)涉(she)案交通(tong)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)并非“不可(ke)預(yu)料(liao)”及“無(wu)法控制”的意外事(shi)(shi)故(gu)，不屬于保險(xian)(xian)公司的保險(xian)(xian)責(ze)任范圍。保險(xian)(xian)公司無(wu)須就此(ci)承擔(dan)保險(xian)(xian)責(ze)任，遂(sui)予以駁回(hui)上訴(su)，維(wei)持原判。
（崔文靜 古 林）
■法官說法■
根據(ju)《中華人(ren)民共和國(guo)保(bao)(bao)險法(fa)(fa)(fa)》第四(si)條(tiao)規(gui)定，從事(shi)保(bao)(bao)險活動必須遵守(shou)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)、行(xing)政法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)，尊重社會(hui)公德(de)，不得損(sun)害社會(hui)公共利(li)益。第五條(tiao)規(gui)定，保(bao)(bao)險活動當事(shi)人(ren)行(xing)使權利(li)、履行(xing)義務應(ying)當遵循誠(cheng)實信用原則(ze)。亦即保(bao)(bao)險行(xing)為應(ying)符合法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)規(gui)定，符合公序(xu)良俗，保(bao)(bao)險人(ren)不能為法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)、法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)明文(wen)禁止(zhi)的(de)(de)違法(fa)(fa)(fa)行(xing)為提供補償和保(bao)(bao)障，否則(ze)不利(li)于(yu)弘揚遵紀(ji)守(shou)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)良好社會(hui)風尚。
本案中(zhong)，馬某在車(che)輛未發生(sheng)(sheng)碰撞(zhuang)的情形下(xia)，因雙方口(kou)角糾紛而心生(sheng)(sheng)不(bu)滿(man)，隨(sui)即在公共道路上追趕攔停他(ta)人(ren)車(che)輛并在此過程中(zhong)發生(sheng)(sheng)交通事故，造(zao)成兩車(che)受(shou)損，其行(xing)為(wei)具有相應的違法性(xing)和(he)危(wei)險(xian)性(xing)，違反了公共利(li)益(yi)和(he)社會公德。若對其行(xing)為(wei)給予保險(xian)保障，有違保險(xian)制度設立的初衷。
駕(jia)駛需(xu)冷靜，莫開(kai)“斗(dou)氣車(che)”。凡(fan)事須依法(fa)而行，切勿以暴制暴，莫讓自(zi)己從受害(hai)者(zhe)變成(cheng)加害(hai)者(zhe)。惡意別車(che)、追逐競駛均(jun)屬于“拿生命(ming)開(kai)玩(wan)笑”的(de)危險駕(jia)駛行為，不僅極易(yi)引(yin)發交(jiao)通事故(gu)，而且由此造成(cheng)的(de)損(sun)失亦需(xu)由自(zi)己買單(dan)，情(qing)節嚴重者(zhe)甚(shen)至可能(neng)觸犯刑法(fa)。
日期：2023-6-21 10:57:25 | 關閉 |
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