cciia.org.cn 2023-6-30 11:58:10 中(zhong)國(guo)法(fa)院網
近日，廣西壯族自治(zhi)區貴港(gang)市港(gang)北區人民法院(yuan)審理(li)一起買(mai)賣(mai)合同(tong)糾(jiu)紛案件，員工(gong)在公司未授(shou)權的情況下與客戶簽訂合同(tong)，最終獨自承(cheng)擔支(zhi)付(fu)工(gong)程(cheng)款(kuan)及違約(yue)金(jin)的責(ze)任。
被告王(wang)某(mou)為B公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)某(mou)分公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)的(de)項目經理(li)，2021年1月(yue)4日(ri)，王(wang)某(mou)以(yi)B公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)的(de)名義與原(yuan)告A公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)簽訂(ding)《活(huo)動板房(fang)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)書》，約定B公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)因某(mou)產業園和利(li)新(xin)材料項目需向(xiang)A公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)訂(ding)購(gou)活(huo)動板房(fang)。但該合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)未(wei)獲B公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)審(shen)批通過，故未(wei)在合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)落款處蓋章確認。A公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)要求(qiu)與王(wang)某(mou)個人簽訂(ding)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)，王(wang)某(mou)同(tong)(tong)(tong)意。次日(ri)，雙方(fang)簽訂(ding)《活(huo)動板房(fang)合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)書》，該合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)內容與上述合(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)內容一致。2021年3月(yue)18日(ri)-2022年1月(yue)12日(ri)，王(wang)某(mou)與A公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)簽署貨(huo)款對賬單，載明結算(suan)金額共計224774.3元(yuan)，期間，王(wang)某(mou)共支(zhi)付A公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)(si)80000元(yuan)工程款。
活(huo)(huo)動板房安裝完畢之(zhi)后(hou)，王(wang)某以(yi)工程款支付主體為(wei)B公司(si)(si)為(wei)由，要求以(yi)B公司(si)(si)的(de)名義(yi)與(yu)A公司(si)(si)重新簽(qian)訂合同，雙方(fang)未能(neng)達成一(yi)致意見。后(hou)A公司(si)(si)向王(wang)某追討活(huo)(huo)動板房余款未果，遂(sui)提起訴訟(song)。
港(gang)北法(fa)(fa)院經(jing)審理(li)后認為(wei)，根據《中(zhong)華人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)共和國(guo)民(min)法(fa)(fa)典》第一(yi)百七十(shi)條第一(yi)款規定(ding)：“執行(xing)(xing)(xing)法(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)或(huo)者非法(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)組織工(gong)作(zuo)任務的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)員，就(jiu)其職權范(fan)圍內的(de)(de)(de)事項，以(yi)法(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)或(huo)者非法(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)組織的(de)(de)(de)名(ming)義實(shi)(shi)施的(de)(de)(de)民(min)事法(fa)(fa)律行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)，對法(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)或(huo)者非法(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)組織發生效力。”王(wang)某(mou)雖是B公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)某(mou)分公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)項目經(jing)理(li)，但從(cong)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)訂(ding)立以(yi)及(ji)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)履(lv)(lv)行(xing)(xing)(xing)完畢后雙方協商(shang)重(zhong)新(xin)簽(qian)(qian)訂(ding)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，A公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)否(fou)認王(wang)某(mou)以(yi)B公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)(de)名(ming)義與其簽(qian)(qian)訂(ding)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)，而是與王(wang)某(mou)個人(ren)(ren)(ren)簽(qian)(qian)訂(ding)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)。在合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)履(lv)(lv)行(xing)(xing)(xing)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，由王(wang)某(mou)與A公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)對賬，并支(zhi)付部分工(gong)程(cheng)款，王(wang)某(mou)實(shi)(shi)際履(lv)(lv)行(xing)(xing)(xing)了合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)，王(wang)某(mou)以(yi)B公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)名(ming)義與A公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)簽(qian)(qian)訂(ding)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)，不符合(he)(he)職務代理(li)的(de)(de)(de)構成(cheng)要(yao)件，不產生職務代理(li)的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律后果(guo)，合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)當事人(ren)(ren)(ren)應是A公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)與王(wang)某(mou)。該(gai)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)成(cheng)立并生效，雙方應恪守。A公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)履(lv)(lv)行(xing)(xing)(xing)了合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)義務，王(wang)某(mou)未(wei)依(yi)約(yue)支(zhi)付工(gong)程(cheng)款，構成(cheng)違約(yue)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)，應承擔繼(ji)續支(zhi)付工(gong)程(cheng)款及(ji)違約(yue)金的(de)(de)(de)責任。
【法理評析】
生(sheng)活中(zhong)，不乏公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)員工(gong)以(yi)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)的(de)(de)名(ming)義簽(qian)(qian)訂(ding)合同(tong)的(de)(de)情形(xing)。對(dui)(dui)此，應區分(fen)(fen)代(dai)表(biao)行為(wei)(wei)與(yu)代(dai)理(li)行為(wei)(wei)，結合具(ju)體案情分(fen)(fen)析公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)是(shi)否應承(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)責(ze)任。公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)的(de)(de)法定(ding)代(dai)表(biao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)對(dui)(dui)外(wai)代(dai)表(biao)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)的(de)(de)行為(wei)(wei)，屬于代(dai)表(biao)行為(wei)(wei)，公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)其(qi)他員工(gong)對(dui)(dui)外(wai)代(dai)表(biao)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)的(de)(de)行為(wei)(wei)是(shi)代(dai)理(li)行為(wei)(wei)。因此，法定(ding)代(dai)表(biao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)以(yi)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)名(ming)義簽(qian)(qian)訂(ding)合同(tong)的(de)(de)行為(wei)(wei)，原則上(shang)對(dui)(dui)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)產生(sheng)效力，公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)需(xu)要承(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)法律(lv)責(ze)任。公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)其(qi)他員工(gong)對(dui)(dui)外(wai)以(yi)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)的(de)(de)名(ming)義簽(qian)(qian)訂(ding)合同(tong)的(de)(de)行為(wei)(wei)，則需(xu)要看其(qi)是(shi)否有代(dai)理(li)權。其(qi)是(shi)否屬于有權代(dai)理(li)取(qu)決于崗位(wei)權限，超越崗位(wei)種類權限屬于無權代(dai)理(li)，根據《中(zhong)華(hua)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)共和國民(min)法典》第一百七十(shi)一條規定(ding)，無權代(dai)理(li)未經被(bei)代(dai)理(li)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)追(zhui)認的(de)(de)，對(dui)(dui)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)不發生(sheng)效力。如只是(shi)超越了對(dui)(dui)崗位(wei)的(de)(de)限制，構成(cheng)表(biao)見代(dai)理(li)，公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)需(xu)要承(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)相應的(de)(de)責(ze)任。
本案被(bei)告王某與(yu)原告A公司簽訂合同的(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)何不(bu)構成表見(jian)代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)？《中(zhong)華(hua)人(ren)民(min)(min)共(gong)和國民(min)(min)法典》第(di)一百七十二條規(gui)定：“行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)沒有(you)代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)權(quan)(quan)、超越(yue)代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)權(quan)(quan)或者(zhe)代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)權(quan)(quan)終(zhong)止(zhi)后，仍然實(shi)施代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)，相對(dui)人(ren)有(you)理(li)(li)由相信行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)有(you)代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)權(quan)(quan)的(de)，代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)效。”根據該規(gui)定，構成表見(jian)代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)應(ying)從以下三方面判(pan)斷(duan)：1.無(wu)權(quan)(quan)代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)，包括自始(shi)沒有(you)代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)權(quan)(quan)，超越(yue)代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)權(quan)(quan)，代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)權(quan)(quan)終(zhong)止(zhi)之后繼續代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)；2.行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)人(ren)的(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)客觀(guan)上具有(you)代(dai)(dai)理(li)(li)權(quan)(quan)的(de)外(wai)觀(guan)，該外(wai)觀(guan)屬于客觀(guan)存在，不(bu)是(shi)相對(dui)人(ren)主觀(guan)臆(yi)測(ce)；3.相對(dui)人(ren)善(shan)意且(qie)無(wu)過失。
本案原告A公司從(cong)合(he)同訂立(li)至合(he)同履行，均認為與(yu)被告王某簽(qian)訂合(he)同，不(bu)屬(shu)于善意(yi)相對(dui)人(ren)，不(bu)構(gou)成(cheng)表見代理(li)。
日期：2023-6-30 11:58:10 | 關閉 |
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