cciia.org.cn 2024-7-24 14:00:42 人民法(fa)院(yuan)報(bao)
無償幫(bang)(bang)工(gong)是(shi)指幫(bang)(bang)工(gong)人(ren)(ren)不(bu)收(shou)取報(bao)酬的(de)(de)情況下，為被幫(bang)(bang)工(gong)人(ren)(ren)提(ti)供勞務(wu)活(huo)動的(de)(de)行為。生(sheng)活(huo)中，無償幫(bang)(bang)工(gong)往(wang)往(wang)基于情誼而產生(sheng)，無償幫(bang)(bang)工(gong)人(ren)(ren)在(zai)從事幫(bang)(bang)工(gong)活(huo)動時導致第三(san)人(ren)(ren)損害的(de)(de)，受損害的(de)(de)第三(san)人(ren)(ren)應(ying)當向誰主(zhu)張損失？被幫(bang)(bang)工(gong)人(ren)(ren)是(shi)否需承擔(dan)賠償責任？日前，北京市石景山區(qu)人(ren)(ren)民(min)法院(yuan)審結了(le)一起這樣的(de)(de)案(an)件(jian)，最終判(pan)決(jue)被幫(bang)(bang)工(gong)人(ren)(ren)承擔(dan)賠償責任。
2021年(nian)9月(yue)7日，何(he)某駕駛車輛運輸某工(gong)程公司(si)訂購(gou)的(de)貨物(wu)至(zhi)工(gong)程場地(di)內。某工(gong)程公司(si)員工(gong)周(zhou)某聯(lian)系叉車司(si)機孫(sun)(sun)某幫忙卸貨，孫(sun)(sun)某未收取(qu)報(bao)酬。孫(sun)(sun)某在(zai)操作叉車的(de)過程中導致貨物(wu)箱掉落，砸(za)到(dao)站在(zai)另一側的(de)何(he)某頭部，經鑒定，何(he)某構(gou)成十級(ji)傷殘(can)。
何某認為，某工(gong)程公(gong)司雇傭的工(gong)人(ren)在(zai)(zai)工(gong)作中(zhong)造成(cheng)自己受傷(shang)，某工(gong)程公(gong)司作為雇主應(ying)當承擔(dan)(dan)賠(pei)償責(ze)(ze)任(ren)，且工(gong)程發(fa)(fa)包方、工(gong)程總(zong)包方對在(zai)(zai)其工(gong)地發(fa)(fa)生的人(ren)身傷(shang)害事故(gu)也應(ying)承擔(dan)(dan)連帶賠(pei)償責(ze)(ze)任(ren)。孫(sun)某作為直(zhi)接侵權(quan)人(ren)，應(ying)一(yi)并承擔(dan)(dan)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)。故(gu)何某將(jiang)某工(gong)程公(gong)司、叉(cha)車司機孫(sun)某以及案涉工(gong)程發(fa)(fa)包方、總(zong)包方、貨物生產廠家一(yi)并訴至法院(yuan)，要求(qiu)各被告連帶賠(pei)償其醫療費(fei)、護理費(fei)、誤工(gong)費(fei)、殘疾賠(pei)償金等共計35萬余(yu)元。
法(fa)院審理后認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)，無償(chang)(chang)(chang)提(ti)供(gong)勞務的(de)(de)幫工(gong)人(ren)，在(zai)從事幫工(gong)活動中致人(ren)損害的(de)(de)，被幫工(gong)人(ren)應(ying)當承(cheng)(cheng)擔賠償(chang)(chang)(chang)責任(ren)。被幫工(gong)人(ren)承(cheng)(cheng)擔賠償(chang)(chang)(chang)責任(ren)后向有(you)故(gu)(gu)意或(huo)者(zhe)重(zhong)大過失(shi)的(de)(de)幫工(gong)人(ren)追償(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)，人(ren)民法(fa)院應(ying)予支持。被幫工(gong)人(ren)明確拒(ju)絕幫工(gong)的(de)(de)，不(bu)承(cheng)(cheng)擔賠償(chang)(chang)(chang)責任(ren)。本案中，在(zai)各方均無證(zheng)據證(zheng)明與孫某(mou)(mou)就卸(xie)貨行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)約定(ding)(ding)報酬(chou)并支付的(de)(de)情況下，孫某(mou)(mou)應(ying)認(ren)定(ding)(ding)為(wei)(wei)(wei)無償(chang)(chang)(chang)提(ti)供(gong)勞務的(de)(de)幫工(gong)人(ren)，其在(zai)操作叉(cha)車卸(xie)貨過程中造成貨物箱掉落導致何某(mou)(mou)受傷，存在(zai)過錯，被幫工(gong)人(ren)應(ying)當承(cheng)(cheng)擔賠償(chang)(chang)(chang)責任(ren)。而周某(mou)(mou)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)某(mou)(mou)工(gong)程公司(si)雇(gu)傭的(de)(de)員(yuan)工(gong)，其找孫某(mou)(mou)幫忙卸(xie)貨屬于(yu)履行(xing)職務行(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)，故(gu)(gu)應(ying)認(ren)定(ding)(ding)被幫工(gong)人(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)某(mou)(mou)工(gong)程公司(si)，其應(ying)對何某(mou)(mou)的(de)(de)受傷承(cheng)(cheng)擔賠償(chang)(chang)(chang)責任(ren)。何某(mou)(mou)主(zhu)張各被告應(ying)承(cheng)(cheng)擔連帶責任(ren)，但現有(you)證(zheng)據不(bu)足以證(zheng)明其余被告對于(yu)何某(mou)(mou)受傷存在(zai)過錯或(huo)有(you)承(cheng)(cheng)擔連帶責任(ren)的(de)(de)法(fa)定(ding)(ding)情形，故(gu)(gu)對于(yu)何某(mou)(mou)的(de)(de)該(gai)主(zhu)張，法(fa)院不(bu)予支持。
被侵(qin)(qin)權人對(dui)同一損(sun)害的發生或者擴大(da)有(you)過錯的，可(ke)以減(jian)輕侵(qin)(qin)權人的責(ze)任(ren)。因卸(xie)貨(huo)現場在(zai)施工(gong)工(gong)地，何某作為成年人，在(zai)未(wei)佩戴(dai)安(an)全(quan)帽的情(qing)況下站在(zai)卸(xie)貨(huo)地點的對(dui)側(ce)，亦(yi)未(wei)與車(che)輛保(bao)持足夠的安(an)全(quan)距離，其未(wei)盡(jin)到審慎的安(an)全(quan)注(zhu)意義務，應(ying)在(zai)其過錯范(fan)圍內(nei)減(jian)輕侵(qin)(qin)權人的責(ze)任(ren)。
最終，法院判決某工程(cheng)公司賠償何某各(ge)項(xiang)費用(yong)共計21萬余元(yuan)。目前，此案判決已(yi)生效。
法官說法
《最高人(ren)民法(fa)(fa)院關(guan)于審理人(ren)身(shen)損害(hai)賠償(chang)案件適用法(fa)(fa)律若干問題的(de)(de)(de)解釋》第四(si)條規定，無償(chang)提供勞務的(de)(de)(de)幫(bang)工人(ren)，在從事(shi)幫(bang)工活動中致人(ren)損害(hai)的(de)(de)(de)，被幫(bang)工人(ren)應當(dang)承擔賠償(chang)責任(ren)。被幫(bang)工人(ren)承擔賠償(chang)責任(ren)后向有故意或者重(zhong)大過失(shi)的(de)(de)(de)幫(bang)工人(ren)追償(chang)的(de)(de)(de)，人(ren)民法(fa)(fa)院應予(yu)支持(chi)。被幫(bang)工人(ren)明確(que)拒絕幫(bang)工的(de)(de)(de)，不承擔賠償(chang)責任(ren)。
首先，被幫工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)對幫工(gong)(gong)(gong)致他人(ren)(ren)損害承擔(dan)責任的前(qian)提(ti)(ti)是“無償(chang)幫工(gong)(gong)(gong)”。一(yi)方面(mian)，幫工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)為無償(chang)提(ti)(ti)供勞務，被幫工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)雖因此獲益(yi)但不(bu)支付報酬；另一(yi)方面(mian)，幫工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)致人(ren)(ren)損害必須發生在幫工(gong)(gong)(gong)活(huo)動中(zhong)，從事的工(gong)(gong)(gong)作屬(shu)于(yu)被幫工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)指(zhi)定的范圍。滿足以上前(qian)提(ti)(ti)，受(shou)損害的第三人(ren)(ren)無須考慮幫工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)的行為是否存(cun)在過錯而可向被幫工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)直接主張賠(pei)償(chang)。
其次，被(bei)幫工人(ren)在(zai)一定條(tiao)件下享有追(zhui)償權。如果幫工人(ren)致人(ren)損害系因故意(yi)或(huo)者重大過失，則(ze)被(bei)幫工人(ren)在(zai)向受(shou)損害第三人(ren)承擔賠償責任后(hou)可以(yi)向幫工人(ren)進行追(zhui)償。所(suo)以(yi)，幫工人(ren)即使無償提供勞務，也應盡到合(he)理的注意(yi)和防范義務，避免(mian)致害事件的發生。
最后，如(ru)果被幫(bang)(bang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人明確(que)拒(ju)(ju)絕幫(bang)(bang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)，則無(wu)須(xu)承擔(dan)賠償責(ze)任。無(wu)償幫(bang)(bang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)系為(wei)(wei)被幫(bang)(bang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人創造收益(yi)，如(ru)果被幫(bang)(bang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人明確(que)拒(ju)(ju)絕了幫(bang)(bang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)請(qing)求，但(dan)幫(bang)(bang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人仍按照自己(ji)意愿實際(ji)從(cong)事(shi)幫(bang)(bang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)活動(dong)，因此造成的(de)損失由幫(bang)(bang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人自行(xing)負擔(dan)，被幫(bang)(bang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人無(wu)須(xu)為(wei)(wei)該行(xing)為(wei)(wei)承擔(dan)賠償責(ze)任。需要明確(que)的(de)是，被幫(bang)(bang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人的(de)拒(ju)(ju)絕必須(xu)是明確(que)的(de)，如(ru)果被幫(bang)(bang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人沒有主(zhu)動(dong)邀請(qing)幫(bang)(bang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人參加幫(bang)(bang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)活動(dong)，但(dan)幫(bang)(bang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人主(zhu)動(dong)幫(bang)(bang)忙的(de)，只要被幫(bang)(bang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人沒有明確(que)拒(ju)(ju)絕的(de)則視為(wei)(wei)接受(shou)。
無(wu)償幫(bang)(bang)(bang)工是社會生活中(zhong)人(ren)們(men)互幫(bang)(bang)(bang)互助、互相關愛的道德(de)風(feng)(feng)尚，是應(ying)(ying)當提倡的傳(chuan)統美(mei)德(de)。但同時，幫(bang)(bang)(bang)工人(ren)與(yu)被幫(bang)(bang)(bang)工人(ren)也不應(ying)(ying)忽(hu)視(shi)其中(zhong)潛在的法律風(feng)(feng)險，均應(ying)(ying)在幫(bang)(bang)(bang)工活動中(zhong)對自身行為盡(jin)到注意義務，審慎(shen)防范安全風(feng)(feng)險，避免發生致害事(shi)件。
日期：2024-7-24 14:00:42 | 關閉 |
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