cciia.org.cn 2024-9-30 15:28:07 中國(guo)法院網
為減輕資金壓力、轉移經營風險，在建設工程分包領域中，承包人往往在合同中設立“背靠背”條款，約定以第三方的履行作為付款方履行付款義務的條件。簡單地說，就是以發包人付款作為承包人向分包人付款前提條件的條款。
那么，合(he)同約定了(le)“背(bei)靠背(bei)”條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)，若發包(bao)人未付款(kuan)(kuan)，總承(cheng)包(bao)人是否就能以此拒付分包(bao)人相(xiang)應工程款(kuan)(kuan)呢？近日，福建(jian)省廈(sha)門市(shi)同安(an)區人民法院就審理(li)了(le)一起涉(she)及“背(bei)靠背(bei)”條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)的建(jian)設工程分包(bao)合(he)同糾紛。
發包(bao)人(ren)K公(gong)司(si)作為甲方，與承包(bao)人(ren)A公(gong)司(si)作為乙方簽訂一份《某項目一期土(tu)建及安裝工(gong)程總承包(bao)施工(gong)合(he)同(tong)》，該合(he)同(tong)約定(ding)：總造價暫定(ding)5000萬元；甲方同(tong)意分包(bao)的工(gong)程包(bao)含：室(shi)外景(jing)觀綠(lv)化工(gong)程、室(shi)外路燈照明(ming)系統工(gong)程等，合(he)同(tong)還(huan)對竣工(gong)驗收結算(suan)程序(xu)進(jin)行約定(ding)。
之后，A公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)作(zuo)為甲(jia)方(fang)與B公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)作(zuo)為乙(yi)方(fang)簽訂(ding)《園林(lin)景觀工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)專(zhuan)業(ye)分(fen)包(bao)協議》，約(yue)定(ding)(ding)A公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)將(jiang)該項目園林(lin)景觀工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)分(fen)包(bao)給B公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)組(zu)織施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)。協議約(yue)定(ding)(ding)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)價款(kuan)及結算(suan)方(fang)式：1.工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)暫定(ding)(ding)金額300萬(wan)元，工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)總價以建(jian)設單位(wei)最終結算(suan)金額為準；2.甲(jia)方(fang)收到建(jian)設單位(wei)撥付工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)款(kuan)，且乙(yi)方(fang)向甲(jia)方(fang)提(ti)供增值稅專(zhuan)用發(fa)票七天內，甲(jia)方(fang)付款(kuan)給乙(yi)方(fang)。同(tong)時，協議約(yue)定(ding)(ding)未盡事(shi)宜(yi)參照上述A公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)與K公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)簽訂(ding)的總承包(bao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)合(he)同(tong)執行。B公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)收到首(shou)筆工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)款(kuan)150萬(wan)元。
然而，B公(gong)(gong)司完工(gong)交付工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)并提(ti)交竣工(gong)結算相關材料，因就工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)價(jia)款(kuan)存(cun)在爭(zheng)議，在之后的近三年里，K公(gong)(gong)司未再(zai)付款(kuan)，A公(gong)(gong)司也以此抗(kang)辯(bian)拒(ju)絕向B公(gong)(gong)司支付工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)尾款(kuan)。B公(gong)(gong)司訴至法院，要求A公(gong)(gong)司與K公(gong)(gong)司支付剩余工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)款(kuan)。
經B公司申請(qing)，同(tong)安(an)法院依法委托鑒定機構(gou)對(dui)工程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)進行鑒定，鑒定結(jie)果為案涉園(yuan)林景觀工程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)為259萬元。
同(tong)(tong)安法院經審理認為，關于工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)總價，分包合同(tong)(tong)雖約定工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量應以K公司審核確定為準，但案涉工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)已竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)，工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)款因存在爭議而未能進行結算(suan)(suan)。在各方均不讓步(bu)情況下，存在結算(suan)(suan)僵局，結算(suan)(suan)結果只能通過第三(san)方鑒定而產生，法院依(yi)法認定案涉工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價為259萬元。
關(guan)于(yu)A公(gong)司付(fu)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)義務，合(he)(he)同約定(ding)付(fu)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)方(fang)(fang)式系雙方(fang)(fang)合(he)(he)意之(zhi)結(jie)果，雖然(ran)合(he)(he)同約定(ding)A公(gong)司在收(shou)到K公(gong)司支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)的(de)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)項后，才具備支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)條件，但依據(ju)誠(cheng)實信用原則(ze)和權(quan)利義務對(dui)等(deng)原則(ze)，A公(gong)司負有積極向K公(gong)司主張工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)之(zhi)義務，以確保其與B公(gong)司之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)合(he)(he)同得(de)以履行。案(an)涉(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)早(zao)已(yi)完工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)并交付(fu)使用，合(he)(he)同約定(ding)的(de)兩年綠化養護期(qi)(qi)也已(yi)屆滿(man)，然(ran)A公(gong)司作為(wei)總(zong)包方(fang)(fang)，在認(ren)為(wei)K公(gong)司未支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)付(fu)案(an)涉(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)剩(sheng)余工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)的(de)情(qing)況下，一直未與K公(gong)司推(tui)進(jin)案(an)涉(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)結(jie)算(suan)事宜，亦未向K公(gong)司提起訴訟主張案(an)涉(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)。鑒于(yu)A公(gong)司在合(he)(he)理期(qi)(qi)限(xian)內(nei)怠于(yu)向K公(gong)司主張案(an)涉(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)，故(gu)A公(gong)司再以此為(wei)由拒付(fu)剩(sheng)余工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)，有違公(gong)平且理據(ju)不(bu)(bu)足，法院不(bu)(bu)予采納。
綜上，B公(gong)司(si)(si)要求(qiu)A公(gong)司(si)(si)支(zhi)付(fu)剩余工(gong)程款的(de)訴訟請求(qiu)，應得到支(zhi)持。而K公(gong)司(si)(si)并非分包(bao)合同相(xiang)對方，合同亦未(wei)約定K公(gong)司(si)(si)的(de)付(fu)款義務(wu)，故B公(gong)司(si)(si)主張K公(gong)司(si)(si)直接向其付(fu)款，沒(mei)有事實和法律依據，法院不予支(zhi)持。
故(gu)判決A公司(si)向(xiang)B公司(si)支付剩余工程款(kuan)109萬(wan)元，駁(bo)回了B公司(si)的其(qi)他(ta)訴訟請求。
法官說法
在實(shi)踐(jian)中，承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)設立“背靠背”條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要目的(de)(de)，是(shi)減輕(qing)資(zi)金壓力、轉移經營風險，將某些如完成(cheng)(cheng)審(shen)計、發(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)付(fu)(fu)款(kuan)(kuan)等(deng)(deng)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)或者風險，通過(guo)分(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)合同傳導至分(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)，以此(ci)作(zuo)為向分(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)方結(jie)算(suan)支付(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)，而分(fen)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)同意(yi)接受此(ci)約束也(ye)構成(cheng)(cheng)競(jing)爭優勢。但因承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)與發(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)之間的(de)(de)特(te)殊關系，承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)是(shi)否履行(xing)資(zi)料提交(jiao)(jiao)、配合驗收等(deng)(deng)義務(wu)(wu)，是(shi)否積(ji)極主(zhu)張債權，對該條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)具有重(zhong)大影響。若(ruo)工(gong)(gong)程已竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)驗收并(bing)交(jiao)(jiao)付(fu)(fu)使(shi)用(yong)，承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)怠(dai)于履行(xing)上(shang)述(shu)義務(wu)(wu)、惡意(yi)利用(yong)該條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)逃避付(fu)(fu)款(kuan)(kuan)義務(wu)(wu)，或者出現(xian)發(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)履行(xing)不(bu)能、承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)對發(fa)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)存在違約情形(xing)等(deng)(deng)阻礙條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)的(de)(de)情況，基于誠信、公平原則，“背靠背”條(tiao)款(kuan)(kuan)都不(bu)再是(shi)承(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)(ren)拒付(fu)(fu)工(gong)(gong)程款(kuan)(kuan)的(de)(de)“擋箭牌”。
值得(de)注(zhu)意的(de)是(shi)，為(wei)了保(bao)障(zhang)中(zhong)小企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)公平參(can)與市場競(jing)爭、維護中(zhong)小企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)合法權(quan)益，若(ruo)該種情況發生在(zai)大型企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)與中(zhong)小企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)合作中(zhong)，根據《最高人民(min)法院關于大型企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)與中(zhong)小企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)約定(ding)以第三方(fang)支付款(kuan)項為(wei)付款(kuan)前提條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)效力問(wen)題的(de)批復》，因其內容違反《保(bao)障(zhang)中(zhong)小企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)款(kuan)項支付條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)例》第六條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)、第八條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)的(de)規(gui)定(ding)，人民(min)法院應當根據民(min)法典第一(yi)百五十三條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)第一(yi)款(kuan)的(de)規(gui)定(ding)，認定(ding)該約定(ding)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)無效。
在不存在其他法(fa)定無效情(qing)形的(de)情(qing)況下，法(fa)院(yuan)尊(zun)(zun)重當事人意思自治，尊(zun)(zun)重這一行業慣例。但是(shi)，建議締(di)約雙(shuang)方(fang)進行平等、充分磋商，明確(que)權利及義務，注意審(shen)查(cha)合(he)同條款(kuan)，避免(mian)因此(ci)產生(sheng)糾紛。
日期：2024-9-30 15:28:07 | 關閉 |
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